Republican Party (United States)
Republican Party | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Abbreviation | GOP (Grand Old Party) |
| Chairperson | Ronna McDaniel |
| Governing body | Republican National Committee |
| Senate Minority Leader | Mitch McConnell |
| House Minority Leader | Kevin McCarthy |
| Founders | |
| Founded | March 20, 1854 Ripon, Wisconsin, U.S. |
| Merger of | |
| Preceded by | |
| Headquarters | 310 First Street SE, Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Student wing | College Republicans |
| Youth wing | |
| Women's wing | National Federation of Republican Women |
| LGBT wing | Republican Pride Coalition[a] |
| Overseas wing | Republicans Overseas |
| Membership (2022) |  35,723,389[3] |
| Ideology | Majority: Factions:[b] |
| International affiliation | International Democrat Union[11] |
| Colors | Red |
| Seats in the Senate | 50 / 100[c] |
| Seats in the House of Representatives | 213 / 435 |
| State governorships | 28 / 50 |
| Seats in state upper chambers | 1,091 / 1,972 |
| Seats in state lower chambers | 2,918 / 5,411 |
| Territorial governorships | 1 / 5 |
| Seats in territorial upper chambers | 12 / 97 |
| Seats in territorial lower chambers | 9 / 91 |
| Website | |
| gop.com | |
The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP ("Grand Old Party"), is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States. The GOP was founded in 1854 by anti-slavery activists who opposed the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which allowed for the potential expansion of chattel slavery into the western territories.[12] Since Ronald Reagan's presidency in the 1980s, conservatism has been the dominant ideology of the GOP.[4] It has been the main political rival of the Democratic Party since the mid-1850s.
The Republican Party's intellectual predecessor is considered to be Northern members of the Whig Party, with Republican presidents Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes, Chester A. Arthur, and Benjamin Harrison all being Whigs before switching to the party, from which they were elected.[13] The collapse of the Whigs, which had previously been one of the two major parties in the country, strengthened the party's electoral success. Upon its founding, it supported classical liberalism and economic reform while opposing the expansion of slavery.[14][15]
The Republican Party initially consisted of Northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and from 1866, former black slaves. It had almost no presence in the Southern United States at its inception, but was very successful in the Northern United States where, by 1858, it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly every state in New England. While both parties adopted pro-business policies in the 19th century, the early GOP was distinguished by its support for the national banking system, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs. It did not openly oppose slavery in the Southern states before the start of the American Civil War—stating that it only opposed the spread of slavery into the territories or into the Northern states—but was widely seen as sympathetic to the abolitionist cause. Seeing a future threat to the practice with the election of Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican president, many states in the South declared secession and joined the Confederacy. Under the leadership of Lincoln and a Republican Congress, it led the fight to destroy the Confederacy during the American Civil War, preserving the Union and abolishing slavery. The aftermath saw the party largely dominate the national political scene until 1932.
In 1912, former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party after being rejected by the GOP and ran unsuccessfully as a third-party presidential candidate, feeling that William Howard Taft had betrayed the values of the Republican Party and calling for social reforms similar to those he had enacted during his presidency. After 1912, many Roosevelt supporters left the Republican Party, and the Party underwent an ideological shift to the right, beginning its 20th-century trend towards conservatism. The GOP lost its congressional majorities during the Great Depression (1929–1940) under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose popular New Deal programs shifted the country towards the Democratic Party for most of the next three decades. Following the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics.[16] After the Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade, the Republican Party opposed abortion in its party platform and grew its support among evangelicals.[17] The party currently supports small government, deregulation, lower taxes, gun rights, restrictions on immigration, restrictions on abortion, restrictions on labor unions, and increased military spending. It has taken variant positions on free trade and protectionism throughout history.[4][18][19][20][21][22]
In the modern day, its demographic base skews towards people who live in rural areas, white evangelical Christians, and men, particularly white men.[23][24][25][26][27][28] The party has gained significant support among members of the white working class and lost support among affluent and college-educated whites since the 1980s.[23][29][30]
As of 2022, the GOP controls 28 state governorships, 30 state legislatures, and 23 state government trifectas. Six of the nine sitting U.S. Supreme Court justices were appointed by Republican presidents. The Republican Party is a member of the International Democrat Union, an international alliance of centre-right political parties.[31][32] Its most recent presidential nominee was Donald Trump, who was the 45th U.S. president from 2017 to 2021. There have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one political party.
History
19th century
The Republican Party was founded in the northern states in 1854 by forces opposed to the expansion of slavery, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers. The Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party and the briefly popular Know Nothing Party. The party grew out of opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened Kansas Territory and Nebraska Territory to slavery and future admission as slave states.[33][34] They denounced the expansion of slavery as a great evil, but did not call for ending it in the southern states. While opposition to the expansion of slavery was the most consequential founding principal of the party, like the Whig party it replaced, Republicans also called for economic and social modernization.
The first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement, at which the name Republican was proposed, was held on March 20, 1854, at the Little White Schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin.[35] The name was partly chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party.[36] The first official party convention was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan.[37]
The party emerged from the great political realignment of the mid-1850s. Historian William Gienapp argues that the great realignment of the 1850s began before the Whigs' collapse, and was caused not by politicians but by voters at the local level. The central forces were ethno-cultural, involving tensions between pietistic Protestants versus liturgical Catholics, Lutherans and Episcopalians regarding Catholicism, prohibition and nativism. The Know Nothing Party embodied the social forces at work, but its weak leadership was unable to solidify its organization, and the Republicans picked it apart. Nativism was so powerful that the Republicans could not avoid it, but they did minimize it and turn voter wrath against the threat that slave owners would buy up the good farm lands wherever slavery was allowed. The realignment was powerful because it forced voters to switch parties, as typified by the rise and fall of the Know Nothings, the rise of the Republican Party and the splits in the Democratic Party.[38][39]
At the 1856 Republican National Convention, the party adopted a national platform emphasizing opposition to the expansion of slavery into the territories.[40] While Republican nominee John C. Frémont lost the 1856 United States presidential election to Democrat James Buchanan, Buchanan only managed to win four of the fourteen northern states, winning his home state of Pennsylvania narrowly.[41][42] Republicans fared better in Congressional and local elections, but Know Nothing candidates took a significant number of seats, creating an awkward three party arrangement. Despite the loss of the presidency and the lack of a majority in Congress, Republicans were able to orchestrate a Republican Speaker of the House, which went to Nathaniel P. Banks. Historian James M. McPherson writes regarding Banks' speakership that "if any one moment marked the birth of the Republican party, this was it."[43]
The Republicans were eager for the elections of 1860.[44] Former Illinois Representative Abraham Lincoln spent several years building support within the party, campaigning heavily for Frémont in 1856 and making a bid for the Senate in 1858, losing to Democrat Stephen A. Douglas but gaining national attention for the Lincoln–Douglas debates it produced.[42][45] At the 1860 Republican National Convention, Lincoln consolidated support among opponents of New York Senator William H. Seward, a fierce abolitionist who some Republicans feared would be too radical for crucial states such as Pennsylvania and Indiana, as well as those who disapproved of his support for Irish immigrants.[44] Lincoln won on the third ballot and was ultimately elected president in the general election in a rematch against Douglas. Lincoln had not been on the ballot in a single southern state, and even if the vote for Democrats had not been split between Douglas, John C. Breckinridge and John Bell, the Republicans would've still won but without the popular vote.[44] This election result helped kickstart the American Civil War which lasted from 1861 until 1865.[46]
The election of 1864 united War Democrats with the GOP and saw Lincoln and Tennessee Democratic Senator Andrew Johnson get nominated on the National Union Party ticket;[41] Lincoln was re-elected.[47] By June 1865, slavery was dead in the ex-Confederate states, but still existed in some border states. Under Republican congressional leadership, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution—which banned slavery in the United States—passed in 1865; it was ratified in December 1865.[48]
Reconstruction, the gold standard and the Gilded Age
Radical Republicans during Lincoln's presidency felt he was too moderate in his eradication of slavery and opposed his ten percent plan. Radical Republicans passed the Wade–Davis Bill in 1864, which sought to enforce the taking of the Ironclad Oath for all former Confederates. Lincoln vetoed the bill, believing it would jeopardize the peaceful reintegration of the Confederate states into the United States.[49]
Following the assassination of Lincoln, Johnson ascended to the presidency and was deplored by Radical Republicans. Johnson was vitriolic in his criticisms of the Radical Republicans during a national tour ahead of the 1866 midterm elections.[50] In his view, Johnson saw Radical Republicanism as the same as secessionism, both being two extremist sides of the political spectrum.[50] Anti-Johnson Republicans won a two-thirds majority in both chambers of Congress following the elections, which helped lead the way toward his impeachment and near ouster from office in 1868.[50] That same year, former Union Army General Ulysses S. Grant was elected as the next Republican president.
Grant was a Radical Republican which created some division within the party, some such as Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner and Illinois Senator Lyman Trumbull opposed most of his Reconstructionist policies.[51] Others found contempt with the large-scale corruption present in Grant's administration, with the emerging Stalwart faction defending Grant and the spoils system, whereas the Half-Breeds pushed for reform of the civil service.[52] Republicans who opposed Grant branched off to form the Liberal Republican Party, nominating Horace Greeley in 1872. The Democratic Party attempted to capitalize on this divide in the GOP by co-nominating Greeley under their party banner. Greeley's positions proved inconsistent with the Liberal Republican Party that nominated him, with Greeley supporting high tariffs despite the party's opposition.[53] Grant was easily re-elected.
The 1876 general election saw a contentious conclusion as both parties claimed victory despite three southern states still not officially declaring a winner at the end of election day. Voter suppression had occurred in the south to depress the black and white Republican vote, which gave Republican-controlled returning officers enough of a reason to declare that fraud, intimidation and violence had soiled the states' results. They proceeded to throw out enough Democratic votes for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to be declared the winner.[54] Still, Democrats refused to accept the results and an Electoral Commission made up of members of Congress was established to decide who would be awarded the states' electors. After the Commission voted along party lines in Hayes' favor, Democrats threatened to delay the counting of electoral votes indefinitely so no president would be inaugurated on March 4. This resulted in the Compromise of 1877 and Hayes finally became president.[55]
Hayes doubled down on the gold standard, which had been signed into law by Grant with the Coinage Act of 1873, as a solution to the depressed American economy in the aftermath of the Panic of 1873. He also believed greenbacks posed a threat; greenbacks being money printed during the Civil War that was not backed by specie, which Hayes objected to as a proponent of hard money. Hayes sought to restock the country's gold supply, which by January 1879 succeeded as gold was more frequently exchanged for greenbacks compared to greenbacks being exchanged for gold.[56] Ahead of the 1880 general election, Republican James G. Blaine ran for the party nomination supporting Hayes' gold standard push and supporting his civil reforms. Both falling short of the nomination, Blaine and opponent John Sherman backed Republican James A. Garfield, who agreed with Hayes' move in favor of the gold standard, but opposed his civil reform efforts.[57][58]
Garfield was elected but assassinated early into his term, however his death helped create support for the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which was passed in 1883;[59] the bill was signed into law by Republican President Chester A. Arthur, who succeeded Garfield.
Blaine once again ran for the presidency, winning the nomination but losing to Democrat Grover Cleveland in 1884, the first Democrat to be elected president since Buchanan. Dissident Republicans, known as Mugwumps, had defected Blaine due to corruption which had plagued his political career.[60][61] Cleveland stuck to the gold standard policy, which eased most Republicans,[62] but he came into conflict with the party regarding budding American imperialism.[63] Republican Benjamin Harrison was able to reclaim the presidency from Cleveland in 1888. During his presidency, Harrison signed the Dependent and Disability Pension Act, which established pensions for all veterans of the Union who had served for more than 90 days and were unable to perform manual labor.[64]
A majority of Republicans supported the annexation of Hawaii, under the new governance of Republican Sanford B. Dole, and Harrison, following his loss in 1892 to Cleveland, attempted to pass a treaty annexing Hawaii before Cleveland was to be inaugurated again.[65] Cleveland opposed annexation, though Democrats were split geographically on the issue, with most northeastern Democrats proving to be the strongest voices of opposition.[66]
In 1896, Republican William McKinley's platform supported the gold standard and high tariffs, having been the creator and namesake for the McKinley Tariff of 1890. Though having been divided on the issue prior to the 1896 Republican National Convention, McKinley decided to heavily favor the gold standard over free silver in his campaign messaging, but promised to continue bimetallism to ward off continued skepticism over the gold standard, which had lingered since the Panic of 1893.[67][68] Democrat William Jennings Bryan proved to be a devoted adherent to the free silver movement, which cost Bryan the support of Democrat institutions such as Tammany Hall, the New York World and a large majority of the Democratic Party's upper and middle-class support.[69] McKinley defeated Bryan and returned the White House to Republican control until 1912.
20th century
Progressives vs Standpatters
The 1896 realignment cemented the Republicans as the party of big businesses while Theodore Roosevelt added more small business support by his embrace of trust busting. He handpicked his successor William Howard Taft in 1908, but they became enemies as the party split down the middle. Taft defeated Roosevelt for the 1912 nomination so Roosevelt stormed out of the convention and started a new party. Roosevelt ran on the ticket of his new Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party. He called for social reforms, many of which were later championed by New Deal Democrats in the 1930s. He lost and when most of his supporters returned to the GOP they found they did not agree with the new conservative economic thinking, leading to an ideological shift to the right in the Republican Party.[70]
The Republicans returned to the White House throughout the 1920s, running on platforms of normalcy, business-oriented efficiency and high tariffs. The national party platform avoided mention of prohibition, instead issuing a vague commitment to law and order.[71]
Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover were resoundingly elected in 1920, 1924 and 1928, respectively. The Teapot Dome scandal threatened to hurt the party, but Harding died and the opposition splintered in 1924. The pro-business policies of the decade seemed to produce an unprecedented prosperity until the Wall Street Crash of 1929 heralded the Great Depression.[72]
New Deal era
The New Deal coalition forged by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt controlled American politics for most of the next three decades, excluding the two-term presidency of Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. After Roosevelt took office in 1933, New Deal legislation sailed through Congress and the economy moved sharply upward from its nadir in early 1933. However, long-term unemployment remained a drag until 1940. In the 1934 midterm elections, 10 Republican senators went down to defeat, leaving the GOP with only 25 senators against 71 Democrats. The House of Representatives likewise had overwhelming Democratic majorities.[73]
The Republican Party factionalized into a majority "Old Right" (based in the midwest) and a liberal wing based in the northeast that supported much of the New Deal. The Old Right sharply attacked the "Second New Deal" and said it represented class warfare and socialism. Roosevelt was re-elected in a landslide in 1936; however, as his second term began, the economy declined, strikes soared, and he failed to take control of the Supreme Court and purge the southern conservatives from the Democratic Party. Republicans made a major comeback in the 1938 elections and had new rising stars such as Robert A. Taft of Ohio on the right and Thomas E. Dewey of New York on the left.[74] Southern conservatives joined with most Republicans to form the conservative coalition, which dominated domestic issues in Congress until 1964. Both parties split on foreign policy issues, with the anti-war isolationists dominant in the Republican Party and the interventionists who wanted to stop Adolf Hitler dominant in the Democratic Party. Roosevelt won a third and fourth term in 1940 and 1944, respectively. Conservatives abolished most of the New Deal during the war, but they did not attempt to do away with Social Security or the agencies that regulated business.[75]
Historian George H. Nash argues:
Unlike the "moderate", internationalist, largely eastern bloc of Republicans who accepted (or at least acquiesced in) some of the "Roosevelt Revolution" and the essential premises of President Harry S. Truman's foreign policy, the Republican Right at heart was counterrevolutionary. Anti-collectivist, anti-Communist, anti-New Deal, passionately committed to limited government, free market economics, and congressional (as opposed to executive) prerogatives, the G.O.P. conservatives were obliged from the start to wage a constant two-front war: against liberal Democrats from without and "me-too" Republicans from within.[76]
After 1945, the internationalist wing of the GOP cooperated with Truman's Cold War foreign policy, funded the Marshall Plan and supported NATO, despite the continued isolationism of the Old Right.[77]
Second half of the Twentieth Century
The second half of the 20th century saw the election or succession of Republican presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush. Eisenhower had defeated conservative leader Senator Robert A. Taft for the 1952 nomination, but conservatives dominated the domestic policies of the Eisenhower administration. Voters liked Eisenhower much more than they liked the GOP and he proved unable to shift the party to a more moderate position. Since 1976, liberalism has virtually faded out of the Republican Party, apart from a few northeastern holdouts.[78] Historians cite the 1964 United States presidential election and its respective 1964 Republican National Convention as a significant shift, which saw the conservative wing, helmed by Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, battle the liberal New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller and his eponymous Rockefeller Republican faction for the party presidential nomination. With Goldwater poised to win, Rockefeller, urged to mobilize his liberal faction, relented, "You’re looking at it, buddy. I’m all that’s left."[79][80] Though Goldwater lost in a landslide, Reagan would make himself known as a prominent supporter of his throughout the campaign, delivering the "A Time for Choosing" speech for him. He'd go on to become governor of California two years later, and in 1980, win the presidency.[81]
The presidency of Reagan, lasting from 1981 to 1989, constituted what is known as the "Reagan Revolution".[citation needed] It was seen as a fundamental shift from the stagflation of the 1970s preceding it, with the introduction of Reaganomics intended to cut taxes, prioritize government deregulation and shift funding from the domestic sphere into the military to check the Soviet Union by utilizing deterrence theory. During a visit to then-West Berlin in June 1987, he addressed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev during a speech at the Berlin Wall, demanding that he "tear down this wall". The remark was ignored at the time but after the fall of the wall in 1989 retroactively recast as a soaring achievement over the years.[82]
After he left office in 1989, Reagan became an iconic conservative Republican. Republican presidential candidates would frequently claim to share his views and aim to establish themselves and their policies as the more appropriate heir to his legacy.[83]
Vice President Bush scored a landslide in the 1988 general election. However his term would see a divide form within the Republican Party. Bush's vision of economic liberalization and international cooperation with foreign nations saw the negotiation and signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the conceptual beginnings of the World Trade Organization.[84] Independent politician and businessman Ross Perot decried NAFTA and prophesied it would lead to outsourcing American jobs to Mexico, while Democrat Bill Clinton found agreement in Bush's policies.[85] Bush lost reelection in 1992 with 37 percent of the popular vote, with Clinton garnering a plurality of 43 percent and Perot in third with 19 percent. While debatable if Perot's candidacy cost Bush reelection, Charlie Cook of The Cook Political Report attests Perot's messaging held more weight with Republican and conservative voters at-large.[86] Perot formed the Reform Party and those who had been or would become prominent Republicans saw brief membership, such as former White House Communications Director Pat Buchanan and later President Donald Trump.[87]
Gingrich Revolution
In the Republican Revolution of 1994, the party—led by House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich, who campaigned on the "Contract with America"—won majorities in both chambers of Congress, gained 12 governorships and regained control of 20 state legislatures. (However, most voters had not heard of the Contract and the Republican victory was attributed to redistricting, traditional mid-term anti-incumbent voting, and Republicans becoming the majority party in Dixie for the first time since Reconstruction.)[88] It was the first time the Republican Party had achieved a majority in the House since 1952.[89] Gingrich was made Speaker of the House, and within the first 100 days of the Republican majority every proposition featured in the Contract with America was passed, with the exception of term limits for members of Congress. (Unfortunately they did not pass in the Senate.)[90][88] One key to Gingrich's success in 1994 was nationalizing the election,[89] in turn, Gingrich became a national figure during the 1996 House elections, with many Democratic leaders proclaiming Gingrich was a zealous radical.[91][92] The Republicans maintained their majority for the first time since 1928 despite the presidential ticket of Bob Dole-Jack Kemp losing handily to President Clinton in the general election. However, Gingrich's national profile proved a detriment to the Republican Congress, which enjoyed majority approval among voters in spite of Gingrich's relative unpopularity.[91]
After Gingrich and the Republicans struck a deal with Clinton on the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 with added tax cuts included, the Republican House majority had difficulty convening on a new agenda ahead of the 1998 midterm elections.[93] During the ongoing impeachment of Bill Clinton in 1998, Gingrich decided to make Clinton's misconduct the party message heading into the midterms, believing it would add to their majority. The strategy proved mistaken and the Republicans lost five seats, though whether it was due to poor messaging or Clinton's popularity providing a coattail effect is debated.[94] Gingrich was ousted from party power due to the performance, ultimately deciding to resign from Congress altogether. For a short time afterward it appeared Louisiana Representative Bob Livingston would become his successor. Livingston, however, stepped down from consideration and resigned from Congress after damaging reports of affairs threatened the Republican House's legislative agenda if he were to serve as Speaker.[95] Illinois Representative Dennis Hastert was promoted to Speaker in Livingston's place, and served in that position until 2007.[96]
21st century
A Republican ticket of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney won the 2000 and 2004 presidential elections.[97] Bush campaigned as a "compassionate conservative" in 2000, wanting to better appeal to immigrants and minority voters.[98] The goal was to prioritize drug rehabilitation programs and aide for prisoner reentry into society, a move intended to capitalize on President Bill Clinton's tougher crime initiatives such as the 1994 crime bill passed under his administration. The platform failed to gain much traction among members of the party during his presidency.[99]
With the inauguration of Bush as president, the Republican Party remained fairly cohesive for much of the 2000s as both strong economic libertarians and social conservatives opposed the Democrats, whom they saw as the party of bloated, secular, and liberal government.[100] This period saw the rise of "pro-government conservatives"—a core part of the Bush's base—a considerable group of the Republicans who advocated for increased government spending and greater regulations covering both the economy and people's personal lives as well as for an activist, interventionist foreign policy.[101] Survey groups such as the Pew Research Center found that social conservatives and free market advocates remained the other two main groups within the party's coalition of support, with all three being roughly equal in number.[102][103] However, libertarians and libertarian-leaning conservatives increasingly found fault with what they saw as Republicans' restricting of vital civil liberties while corporate welfare and the national debt hiked considerably under Bush's tenure.[104] In contrast, some social conservatives expressed dissatisfaction with the party's support for economic policies that conflicted with their moral values.[105]
The Republican Party lost its Senate majority in 2001 when the Senate became split evenly; nevertheless, the Republicans maintained control of the Senate due to the tie-breaking vote of Vice President Cheney. Democrats gained control of the Senate on June 6, 2001, when Republican Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont switched his party affiliation to Democrat. The Republicans regained the Senate majority in the 2002 elections. Republican majorities in the House and Senate were held until the Democrats regained control of both chambers in the mid-term elections of 2006.[106][107]
In 2008, Republican Senator John McCain of Arizona and Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska were defeated by Democratic Senators Barack Obama and Joe Biden of Illinois and Delaware, respectively.[108]
The Republicans experienced electoral success in the wave election of 2010, which coincided with the ascendancy of the Tea Party movement,[109][110][111][112] an anti-Obama protest movement of fiscal conservatives.[113] Members of the movement called for lower taxes, and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending.[114][115] It was also described as a popular constitutional movement[116] composed of a mixture of libertarian,[117] right-wing populist,[118] and conservative activism.[119] That success began with the upset win of Scott Brown in the Massachusetts special Senate election for a seat that had been held for decades by the Democratic Kennedy brothers.[120] In the November elections, Republicans recaptured control of the House, increased their number of seats in the Senate and gained a majority of governorships.[121] The Tea Party would go on to strongly influence the Republican Party, in part due to the replacement of establishment Republicans with Tea Party-style Republicans.[113]
When Obama and Biden won re-election in 2012, defeating a Mitt Romney-Paul Ryan ticket,[122] the Republicans lost seven seats in the House in the November congressional elections, but still retained control of that chamber.[123] However, Republicans were not able to gain control of the Senate, continuing their minority status with a net loss of two seats.[124] In the aftermath of the loss, some prominent Republicans spoke out against their own party.[125][126][127] A 2012 election post-mortem by the Republican Party concluded that the party needed to do more on the national level to attract votes from minorities and young voters.[128] In March 2013, National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus gave a stinging report on the party's electoral failures in 2012, calling on Republicans to reinvent themselves and officially endorse immigration reform. He said: "There's no one reason we lost. Our message was weak; our ground game was insufficient; we weren't inclusive; we were behind in both data and digital, and our primary and debate process needed improvement." He proposed 219 reforms that included a $10 million marketing campaign to reach women, minorities and gays as well as setting a shorter, more controlled primary season and creating better data collection facilities.[129]
Following the 2014 midterm elections, the Republican Party took control of the Senate by gaining nine seats.[130] With a final total of 247 seats (57%) in the House and 54 seats in the Senate, the Republicans ultimately achieved their largest majority in the Congress since the 71st Congress in 1929.[131]
Trump era
The election of Republican Donald Trump to the presidency in 2016 marked a populist shift in the Republican Party.[132] Trump's defeat of Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton was unexpected, as polls had shown Clinton leading the race.[133] Trump's victory was fueled by narrow victories in three states—Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin—that had traditionally been part of the Democratic blue wall for decades. According to NBC News, "Trump's power famously came from his 'silent majority'—working-class white voters who felt mocked and ignored by an establishment, loosely defined by special interests in Washington, news outlets in New York and tastemakers in Hollywood. He built trust within that base by abandoning Republican establishment orthodoxy on issues like trade and government spending in favor of a broader nationalist message".[134][135][136]
After the 2016 elections, Republicans maintained a majority in the Senate, House, and state governorships, and wielded newly acquired executive power with Trump's election as president. The Republican Party controlled 69 of 99 state legislative chambers in 2017, the most it had held in history;[137] and at least 33 governorships, the most it had held since 1922.[138] The party had total control of government (legislative chambers and governorship) in 25 states,[139][140] the most since 1952;[141] the opposing Democratic Party had full control in only five states.[142] Following the results of the 2018 midterm elections, the Republicans lost control of the House but strengthened their hold of the Senate.[143]
Over the course of his term, Trump appointed three justices to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett – the most appointments of any president in a single term since fellow Republican Richard Nixon.[144] He appointed 260 judges in total, creating overall Republican-appointed majorities on every branch of the federal judiciary except for the Court of International Trade by the time he left office, shifting the judiciary to the right. Other notable achievements during his presidency included the passing of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in 2017, the creation of the United States Space Force – the first new independent military service since 1947 – and the brokering of the Abraham Accords, a series of normalization agreements between Israel and various Arab states.[145][146][147] The Republican Party did not produce an official party platform ahead of the 2020 elections, instead simply endorsing "the President's America-first agenda", which prompted comparisons to contemporary leader-focused party platforms in Russia and China.[148]
Trump was impeached by the House of Representatives on December 18, 2019, on the charges of abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[149][150] He was acquitted by the Senate on February 5, 2020.[151] Trump lost reelection to Joe Biden in 2020 but refused to concede, claiming widespread electoral fraud and attempting to overturn the results, to which many attribute the U.S. Capitol being stormed by his supporters on January 6, 2021. Following the attack, the House impeached Trump for a second time on the charge of incitement of insurrection, making him the only federal officeholder in the history of the United States to be impeached twice.[152][153] He left office on January 20, 2021, but the impeachment trial continued into the early weeks of the Biden administration, with Trump ultimately being acquitted a second time by the Senate on February 13, 2021.[154]
In 2022, Supreme Court justices appointed by Trump proved decisive in landmark decisions on gun rights and abortion.[155][156] Republicans went into that year's midterm elections confident and with most election analysts predicting a red wave, but the party underperformed heavily, with voters in swing states and competitive districts joining Democrats in rejecting candidates endorsed by Trump or that denied the results of the 2020 election.[157][158][159] The party won the House but with a narrow majority when a large one had been expected for most of the cycle,[160] and lost the Senate, leading to many Republicans and conservative thought leaders questioning whether Trump should continue as the party’s main figurehead and leader.[161][162][163] Florida governor Ron DeSantis, who won reelection in a historic landslide and was considered by many analysts as the midterms' biggest winner,[164] was the most frequently discussed name as the future party leader.[165][166]
Name and symbols
The party's founding members chose the name Republican Party in the mid-1850s as homage to the values of republicanism promoted by Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party.[168] The idea for the name came from an editorial by the party's leading publicist, Horace Greeley, who called for "some simple name like 'Republican' [that] would more fitly designate those who had united to restore the Union to its true mission of champion and promulgator of Liberty rather than propagandist of slavery".[169] The name reflects the 1776 republican values of civic virtue and opposition to aristocracy and corruption.[170] It is important to note that "republican" has a variety of meanings around the world, and the Republican Party has evolved such that the meanings no longer always align.[171][172]
The term "Grand Old Party" is a traditional nickname for the Republican Party, and the abbreviation "GOP" is a commonly used designation. The term originated in 1875 in the Congressional Record, referring to the party associated with the successful military defense of the Union as "this gallant old party". The following year in an article in the Cincinnati Commercial, the term was modified to "grand old party". The first use of the abbreviation is dated 1884.[173]
The traditional mascot of the party is the elephant. A political cartoon by Thomas Nast, published in Harper's Weekly on November 7, 1874, is considered the first important use of the symbol.[174] An alternate symbol of the Republican Party in states such as Indiana, New York and Ohio is the bald eagle as opposed to the Democratic rooster or the Democratic five-pointed star.[175][176] In Kentucky, the log cabin is a symbol of the Republican Party (not related to the gay Log Cabin Republicans organization).[177]
Traditionally the party had no consistent color identity.[178][179][180] After the 2000 election, the color red became associated with Republicans. During and after the election, the major broadcast networks used the same color scheme for the electoral map: states won by Republican nominee George W. Bush were colored red and states won by Democratic nominee Al Gore were colored blue. Due to the weeks-long dispute over the election results, these color associations became firmly ingrained, persisting in subsequent years. Although the assignment of colors to political parties is unofficial and informal, the media has come to represent the respective political parties using these colors. The party and its candidates have also come to embrace the color red.[181]
Political positions
| This article is part of a series on |
| Conservatism in the United States |
|---|
 Conservatism portal United States portal |
Economic policies
Republicans believe that free markets and individual achievement are the primary factors behind economic prosperity. Republicans frequently advocate in favor of fiscal conservatism during Democratic administrations; however, they have shown themselves willing to increase federal debt when they are in charge of the government (the implementation of the Bush tax cuts, Medicare Part D and the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 are examples of this willingness).[182][183][184] Despite pledges to roll back government spending, Republican administrations have, since the late 1960s, sustained or increased previous levels of government spending.[185][186]
Taxes
The modern Republican Party's economic policy positions, as measured by votes in Congress, tend to align with business interests and the affluent.[187][188][189][190][191] Modern Republicans advocate the theory of supply-side economics, which holds that lower tax rates increase economic growth.[192] Many Republicans oppose higher tax rates for higher earners, which they believe are unfairly targeted at those who create jobs and wealth. They believe private spending is more efficient than government spending. Republican lawmakers have also sought to limit funding for tax enforcement and tax collection.[193] At the national level and state level, Republicans tend to pursue policies of tax cuts and deregulation.[194]
Welfare
Republicans believe individuals should take responsibility for their own circumstances. They also believe the private sector is more effective in helping the poor through charity than the government is through welfare programs and that social assistance programs often cause government dependency.[195]
Labor unions
Republicans believe corporations should be able to establish their own employment practices, including benefits and wages, with the free market deciding the price of work. Since the 1920s, Republicans have generally been opposed by labor union organizations and members. At the national level, Republicans supported the Taft–Hartley Act of 1947, which gives workers the right not to participate in unions. Modern Republicans at the state level generally support various right-to-work laws, which prohibit union security agreements requiring all workers in a unionized workplace to pay dues or a fair-share fee, regardless of whether they are members of the union or not.[196]
Minimum wage
Most Republicans oppose increases in the minimum wage, believing that such increases hurt businesses by forcing them to cut and outsource jobs while passing on costs to consumers.[197]
Environmental policies
Historically, progressive leaders in the Republican Party supported environmental protection. Republican President Theodore Roosevelt was a prominent conservationist whose policies eventually led to the creation of the National Park Service.[203] While Republican President Richard Nixon was not an environmentalist, he signed legislation to create the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and had a comprehensive environmental program.[204] However, this position has changed since the 1980s and the administration of President Ronald Reagan, who labeled environmental regulations a burden on the economy.[205] Since then, Republicans have increasingly taken positions against environmental regulation,[206][207][208] with many Republicans rejecting the scientific consensus on climate change.[205][209][210][211]
In 2006, then-California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger broke from Republican orthodoxy to sign several bills imposing caps on carbon emissions in California. Then-President George W. Bush opposed mandatory caps at a national level. Bush's decision not to regulate carbon dioxide as a pollutant was challenged in the Supreme Court by 12 states,[212] with the court ruling against the Bush administration in 2007.[213] Bush also publicly opposed ratification of the Kyoto Protocols[205][214] which sought to limit greenhouse gas emissions and thereby combat climate change; his position was heavily criticized by climate scientists.[215]
The Republican Party rejects cap-and-trade policy to limit carbon emissions.[216] In the 2000s, Senator John McCain proposed bills (such as the McCain-Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act) that would have regulated carbon emissions, but his position on climate change was unusual among high-ranking party members.[205] Some Republican candidates have supported the development of alternative fuels in order to achieve energy independence for the United States. Some Republicans support increased oil drilling in protected areas such as the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, a position that has drawn criticism from activists.[217]
Many Republicans during the presidency of Barack Obama opposed his administration's new environmental regulations, such as those on carbon emissions from coal. In particular, many Republicans supported building the Keystone Pipeline; this position was supported by businesses, but opposed by indigenous peoples' groups and environmental activists.[218][219][220]
According to the Center for American Progress, a non-profit liberal advocacy group, more than 55% of congressional Republicans were climate change deniers in 2014.[221][222] PolitiFact in May 2014 found "relatively few Republican members of Congress ... accept the prevailing scientific conclusion that global warming is both real and man-made." The group found eight members who acknowledged it, although the group acknowledged there could be more and that not all members of Congress have taken a stance on the issue.[223][224]
From 2008 to 2017, the Republican Party went from "debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist", according to The New York Times.[225] In January 2015, the Republican-led U.S. Senate voted 98–1 to pass a resolution acknowledging that "climate change is real and is not a hoax"; however, an amendment stating that "human activity significantly contributes to climate change" was supported by only five Republican senators.[226]
Health care
The party opposes a single-payer health care system, describing it as socialized medicine. The Republican Party has a mixed record of supporting the historically popular Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid programs,[227] and opposing the Affordable Care Act[228] and expansions of Medicaid.[229]
Historically, there have been diverse and overlapping views within both the Republican Party and the Democratic Party on the role of government in health care, but the two parties became highly polarized on the topic during 2008-2009 and onwards.[230] Both Republicans and Democrats made various proposals to establish federally funded aged health insurance prior to the bipartisan effort to establish Medicare and Medicaid in 1965.[231][232][233] The Republican Party opposes the Affordable Care Act, with no Republican member of Congress voting for it in 2009 and frequent subsequent attempts by Republicans to repeal the legislation.[230][234] At the state level, the party has tended to adopt a position against Medicaid expansion.[194][233]
Foreign policy
The Republican Party has a persistent history of skepticism and opposition to multilateralism in American foreign policy.[235] Neoconservatism, which supports unilateralism and emphasizes the use of force and hawkishness in American foreign policy, has been a prominent strand of foreign policy thinking in all Republican presidential administration since Ronald Reagan's presidency.[236] Some, including paleoconservatives,[237] call for non-interventionism and an America First foreign policy. This faction gained strength starting in 2016 with the rise of Donald Trump.
War on terror
Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, many[who?] in the party have supported neoconservative policies with regard to the War on Terror, including the War in Afghanistan and the Iraq War. The George W. Bush administration took the position that the Geneva Conventions do not apply to unlawful combatants, while other[which?] prominent Republicans strongly oppose the use of enhanced interrogation techniques, which they view as torture.[238]
Foreign aid
Republicans have frequently advocated for restricting foreign aid as a means of asserting the national security and immigration interests of the United States.[239][240][241]
Foreign relations
The Republican Party generally supports a strong alliance with Israel and efforts to secure peace in the Middle East between Israel and its Arab neighbors.[242][243] In recent years, Republicans have begun to move away from the two-state solution approach to resolving the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[244][245] In a 2014 poll, 59% of Republicans favored doing less abroad and focusing on the country's own problems instead.[246]
According to the 2016 platform,[247] the party's stance on the status of Taiwan is: "We oppose any unilateral steps by either side to alter the status quo in the Taiwan Straits on the principle that all issues regarding the island's future must be resolved peacefully, through dialogue, and be agreeable to the people of Taiwan." In addition, if "China were to violate those principles, the United States, in accord with the Taiwan Relations Act, will help Taiwan defend itself".
Social policies
The Republican Party is generally associated with social conservative policies, although it does have dissenting centrist and libertarian factions. The social conservatives support laws that uphold their traditional values, such as opposition to same-sex marriage, abortion, and marijuana.[248] The Republican Party's positions on social and cultural issues are in part a reflection of the influential role that the Christian right has had in the party since the 1970s.[249][250][251] Most conservative Republicans also oppose gun control, affirmative action, and illegal immigration.[248][252]
Abortion and embryonic stem cell research
The vast majority of the party's national and state candidates are anti-abortion and oppose elective abortion on religious or moral grounds. While many advocate exceptions in the case of incest, rape or the mother's life being at risk, in 2012 the party approved a platform advocating banning abortions without exception.[253] There were not highly polarized differences between the Democratic Party and the Republican Party prior to the Roe v. Wade 1973 Supreme Court ruling (which made prohibitions on abortion rights unconstitutional), but after the Supreme Court ruling, opposition to abortion became an increasingly key national platform for the Republican Party.[17][254][255] As a result, Evangelicals gravitated towards the Republican Party.[17][254]
Most Republicans oppose government funding for abortion providers, notably Planned Parenthood.[256] This includes support for the Hyde Amendment.
Until its dissolution in 2018, Republican Majority for Choice, an abortion rights PAC, advocated for amending the GOP platform to include pro-abortion rights members.[257]
The Republican Party has pursued policies at the national and state-level to restrict embryonic stem cell research beyond the original lines because it involves the destruction of human embryos.[258][259][260][261]
Affirmative action
Republicans are generally against affirmative action for women and some minorities, often describing it as a "quota system" and believing that it is not meritocratic and is counter-productive socially by only further promoting discrimination.[262] The GOP's official stance supports race-neutral admissions policies in universities, but supports taking into account the socioeconomic status of the student. The 2012 Republican National Committee platform stated, "We support efforts to help low-income individuals get a fair chance based on their potential and individual merit; but we reject preferences, quotas, and set-asides, as the best or sole methods through which fairness can be achieved, whether in government, education or corporate boardrooms…Merit, ability, aptitude, and results should be the factors that determine advancement in our society.”[263][264][265]
Gun ownership
Republicans generally support gun ownership rights and oppose laws regulating guns. Party members and Republican-leaning independents are twice as likely to own a gun as Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents.[267]
The National Rifle Association, a special interest group in support of gun ownership, has consistently aligned itself with the Republican Party. Following gun control measures under the Clinton administration, such as the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the Republicans allied with the NRA during the Republican Revolution in 1994.[268] Since then, the NRA has consistently backed Republican candidates and contributed financial support, such as in the 2013 Colorado recall election which resulted in the ousting of two pro-gun control Democrats for two anti-gun control Republicans.[269]
In contrast, George H. W. Bush, formerly a lifelong NRA member, was highly critical of the organization following their response to the Oklahoma City bombing authored by CEO Wayne LaPierre, and publicly resigned in protest.[270]
Drug legalization
Republican elected officials have historically supported the War on Drugs. They oppose legalization or decriminalization of drugs such as marijuana.[271][272][273]
Opposition to the legalization of marijuana has softened significantly over time among Republican voters.[274][275] A 2021 Quinnipiac poll found that 62% of Republicans supported the legalization of recreational marijuana use and that net support for the position was +30 points.[271]
Immigration
In the period 1850–1870, the Republican Party was more opposed to immigration than Democrats, in part because the Republican Party relied on the support of anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant parties, such as the Know-Nothings, at the time. In the decades following the Civil War, the Republican Party grew more supportive of immigration, as it represented manufacturers in the northeast (who wanted additional labor) whereas the Democratic Party came to be seen as the party of labor (which wanted fewer laborers to compete with). Starting in the 1970s, the parties switched places again, as the Democrats grew more supportive of immigration than Republicans.[276]
Republicans are divided on how to confront illegal immigration between a platform that allows for migrant workers and a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants (supported more by the Republican establishment), versus a position focused on securing the border and deporting illegal immigrants (supported by populists). In 2006, the White House supported and Republican-led Senate passed comprehensive immigration reform that would eventually allow millions of illegal immigrants to become citizens, but the House (also led by Republicans) did not advance the bill.[277] After the defeat in the 2012 presidential election, particularly among Latinos, several Republicans advocated a friendlier approach to immigrants. However, in 2016 the field of candidates took a sharp position against illegal immigration, with leading candidate Donald Trump proposing building a wall along the southern border. Proposals calling for immigration reform with a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants have attracted broad Republican support in some[which?] polls. In a 2013 poll, 60% of Republicans supported the pathway concept.[278]
LGBT issues
Similar to the Democratic Party, the Republican position on LGBT rights has changed significantly over time, and there has been continuously increasing support among both parties on the issue.[279][280] A strong majority of Republican voters now support same-sex marriage,[280][281][282][283] and public opinion has changed in a significantly favorable direction.[284][285][279] However, according to FiveThirtyEight, this growth in support has occurred faster among Republican voters than among party elites and elected politicans.[282][283]
Both Republican and Democratic politicians predominately took hostile positions on LGBT rights before the 2000s.[279] From the early-2000s to the mid-2010s, Republicans opposed same-sex marriage, while being divided on the issue of civil unions and domestic partnerships for same-sex couples.[286] During the 2004 election, George W. Bush campaigned prominently on a constitutional amendment to prohibit same-sex marriage; many believe it helped Bush win re-election.[285][287] In both 2004[288] and 2006,[289] President Bush, Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist, and House Majority Leader John Boehner promoted the Federal Marriage Amendment, a proposed constitutional amendment which would legally restrict the definition of marriage to heterosexual couples.[290][291][292] In both attempts, the amendment failed to secure enough votes to invoke cloture and thus ultimately was never passed. As more states legalized same-sex marriage in the 2010s, Republicans increasingly supported allowing each state to decide its own marriage policy.[293] As of 2014, most state GOP platforms expressed opposition to same-sex marriage.[294] The 2016 GOP Platform defined marriage as "natural marriage, the union of one man and one woman," and condemned the Supreme Court's ruling legalizing same-sex marriages.[295][296] The 2020 platform retained the 2016 language against same-sex marriage.[297][298][299] Following his election as president in 2016, Donald Trump stated that he had no objection to same-sex marriage or to the Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges, but had previously promised to consider appointing a Supreme Court justice to roll back the constitutional right.[285][300] In office, Trump was the first sitting Republican president to recognize LGBT Pride Month.[301] Conversely, the Trump administration banned transgender individuals from service in the United States military and rolled back other protections for transgender people which had been enacted during the previous Democratic presidency.[302]
The Republican Party platform previously opposed the inclusion of gay people in the military and opposed adding sexual orientation to the list of protected classes since 1992.[303][304][305] The Republican Party opposed the inclusion of sexual preference in anti-discrimination statutes from 1992 to 2004.[306] The 2008 and 2012 Republican Party platform supported anti-discrimination statutes based on sex, race, age, religion, creed, disability, or national origin, but both platforms were silent on sexual orientation and gender identity.[307][308] The 2016 platform was opposed to sex discrimination statutes that included the phrase "sexual orientation."[309][310]
On November 6, 2021, RNC Chair Ronna McDaniel announced the creation of the "RNC Pride Coalition," in partnership with the Log Cabin Republicans, to promote outreach to LGBTQ voters.[311] However, after the announcement, McDaniel apologized for not having communicated the announcement in advance and emphasized that the new outreach program does not alter the GOP Platform, last adopted in 2016.[312] Log Cabin Republicans is a group within the Republican Party that represents LGBT conservatives and allies and advocates for LGBT rights and equality.[313]
Voting rights
Virtually all restrictions on voting have in recent years been implemented by Republicans. Republicans, mainly at the state level, argue that the restrictions (such as the purging of voter rolls, limiting voting locations, and limiting early and mail-in voting) are vital to prevent voter fraud, saying that voter fraud is an underestimated issue in elections. Polling has found majority support for early voting, automatic voter registration and voter ID laws among the general population.[314][315][316]
In defending their restrictions to voting rights, Republicans have made false and exaggerated claims about the extent of voter fraud in the United States; all existing research indicates that it is extremely rare,[317][318][319][320] and civil and voting rights organizations often accuse Republicans of enacting restrictions to influence elections in the party's favor. Many laws or regulations restricting voting enacted by Republicans have been successfully challenged in court, with court rulings striking down such regulations and accusing Republicans of establishing them with partisan purpose.[319][320]
After the Supreme Court decision in Shelby County v. Holder rolled back aspects of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Republicans introduced cuts to early voting, purges of voter rolls and imposition of strict voter ID laws.[321] The 2016 Republican platform advocated proof of citizenship as a prerequisite for registering to vote and photo ID as a prerequisite when voting.[322]
After Donald Trump and his Republican allies made false claims of fraud during the 2020 presidential election, Republicans launched a nationwide effort to impose tighter election laws at the state level.[323][324][325] Such bills are centered around limiting mail-in voting, strengthening voter ID laws, shortening early voting, eliminating automatic and same-day voter registration, curbing the use of ballot drop boxes, and allowing for increased purging of voter rolls.[326][327] Republicans in at least eight states have also introduced bills that would give lawmakers greater power over election administration, after they were unsuccessful in their attempts to overturn election results in swing states won by Biden.[328][329][330][331]
Supporters of the bills argue they would improve election security and reverse temporary changes enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic; they point to false claims of significant election fraud, as well as the substantial public distrust of the integrity of the 2020 election those claims have fostered,[d] as justification.[334][335][336] Opponents argue that the efforts amount to voter suppression, are intended to advantage Republicans by reducing the number of people who vote, and would disproportionately affect minority voters.[337][338][339][under discussion]
Composition
In the Party's early decades, its base consisted of northern white Protestants and African Americans nationwide. Its first presidential candidate, John C. Frémont, received almost no votes in the South. This trend continued into the 20th century. Following the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, the southern states became more reliably Republican in presidential politics, while northeastern states became more reliably Democratic.[340][341][342][343][344][345][346][347] Studies show that southern whites shifted to the Republican Party due to racial conservatism.[346][348][349]
While scholars agree that a racial backlash played a central role in the racial realignment of the two parties, certain experts dispute the extent in which the racial realignment was a top-driven elite process or a bottom-up process.[350] The "Southern Strategy" refers primarily to "top-down" narratives of the political realignment of the South which suggest that Republican leaders consciously appealed to many white southerners' racial grievances in order to gain their support. This top-down narrative of the Southern Strategy is generally believed to be the primary force that transformed Southern politics following the civil rights era. Scholar Matthew Lassiter argues that "demographic change played a more important role than racial demagoguery in the emergence of a two-party system in the American South".[351][352] Historians such as Matthew Lassiter, Kevin M. Kruse and Joseph Crespino, have presented an alternative, "bottom-up" narrative, which Lassiter has called the "suburban strategy." This narrative recognizes the centrality of racial backlash to the political realignment of the South,[350] but suggests that this backlash took the form of a defense of de facto segregation in the suburbs rather than overt resistance to racial integration and that the story of this backlash is a national rather than a strictly southern one.[353][354][355][356]
The Party's 21st-century base consists of groups such as older white men; white, married Protestants; rural residents; and non-union workers without college degrees, with urban residents, ethnic minorities, the unmarried and union workers having shifted to the Democratic Party. The suburbs have become a major battleground.[357] According to a 2015 Gallup poll, 25% of Americans identify as Republican and 16% identify as leaning Republican. In comparison, 30% identify as Democratic and 16% identify as leaning Democratic. The Democratic Party has typically held an overall edge in party identification since Gallup began polling on the issue in 1991.[358] In 2016, The New York Times noted that the Republican Party was strong in the South, the Great Plains, and the Mountain States.[359] The 21st century Republican Party also draws strength from rural areas of the United States.[360]
Towards the end of the 1990s and in the early 21st century, the Republican Party increasingly resorted to "constitutional hardball" practices.[361][362][363]
A number of scholars have asserted that the House speakership of Republican Newt Gingrich played a key role in undermining democratic norms in the United States, hastening political polarization, and increasing partisan prejudice.[364][365][366][367][368] According to Harvard University political scientists Daniel Ziblatt and Steven Levitsky, Gingrich's speakership had a profound and lasting impact on American politics and the health of American democracy. They argue that Gingrich instilled a "combative" approach in the Republican Party, where hateful language and hyper-partisanship became commonplace, and where democratic norms were abandoned. Gingrich frequently questioned the patriotism of Democrats, called them corrupt, compared them to fascists, and accused them of wanting to destroy the United States. Gingrich was also involved in several major government shutdowns.[368][369][370][371]
Scholars have also characterized Mitch McConnell's tenure as Senate Minority Leader and Senate Majority Leader during the Obama presidency as one where obstructionism reached all-time highs.[372] Political scientists have referred to McConnell's use of the filibuster as "constitutional hardball", referring to the misuse of procedural tools in a way that undermines democracy.[361][368][373][374] McConnell delayed and obstructed health care reform and banking reform, which were two landmark pieces of legislation that Democrats sought to pass (and in fact did pass[375]) early in Obama's tenure.[376][377] By delaying Democratic priority legislation, McConnell stymied the output of Congress. Political scientists Eric Schickler and Gregory J. Wawro write, "by slowing action even on measures supported by many Republicans, McConnell capitalized on the scarcity of floor time, forcing Democratic leaders into difficult trade-offs concerning which measures were worth pursuing. That is, given that Democrats had just two years with sizeable majorities to enact as much of their agenda as possible, slowing the Senate's ability to process even routine measures limited the sheer volume of liberal bills that could be adopted."[377]
McConnell's refusal to hold hearings on Supreme Court nominee Merrick Garland during the final year of Obama's presidency was described by political scientists and legal scholars as "unprecedented",[378][379] a "culmination of this confrontational style",[380] a "blatant abuse of constitutional norms",[381] and a "classic example of constitutional hardball."[374]
After the 2020 United States presidential election was declared for Biden, President Donald Trump's refusal to concede and demands of Republican state legislatures and officials to ignore the popular vote of the states was described as "unparalleled" in American history[382] and "profoundly antidemocratic".[383] Some journalists and foreign officials have also referred to Trump as a fascist in the aftermath of the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.[384][385][386] Following the storming of the Capitol, a survey conducted by the American Enterprise Institute found that 56% of Republicans agreed with the statement, "The traditional American way of life is disappearing so fast that we may have to use force to save it," compared to 36% of respondents overall. Sixty percent of white evangelical Republicans agreed with the statement.[387][388][389]
In recent years, the party has made significant gains among the white working class, Hispanics, and Orthodox Jews while losing support among most upper-class and college-educated whites.[29][30]
Ideology and factions
Political scientists characterize the Republican Party as more ideologically cohesive than the Democratic Party, which is composed of a broader diversity of coalitions.[390][391][392]
In 2018, Gallup polling found that 69% of Republicans described themselves as "conservative", while 25% opted for the term "moderate", and another 5% self-identified as "liberal".[393] When ideology is separated into social and economic issues, a 2020 Gallup poll found that 61% of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents called themselves "socially conservative", 28% chose the label "socially moderate", and 10% called themselves "socially liberal".[394] On economic issues, the same 2020 poll revealed that 65% of Republicans (and Republican leaners) chose the label "economic conservative" to describe their views on fiscal policy, while 26% selected the label "economic moderate", and 7% opted for the "economic liberal" label.[394]
The modern Republican Party includes conservatives,[395] centrists,[5] fiscal conservatives, libertarians,[8] neoconservatives,[8] paleoconservatives,[396] right-wing populists,[9][10] and social conservatives.[397][398][399]
In addition to splits over ideology, the 21st-century Republican Party can be broadly divided into establishment and anti-establishment wings.[400][401] Nationwide polls of Republican voters in 2014 by the Pew Center identified a growing split in the Republican coalition, between "business conservatives" or "establishment conservatives" on one side and "steadfast conservatives" or "populist conservatives" on the other.[402]
Talk radio
In the 21st century, conservatives on talk radio and Fox News, as well as online media outlets such as the Daily Caller and Breitbart News, became a powerful influence on shaping the information received and judgments made by rank-and-file Republicans.[403][404] They include Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, Larry Elder, Glenn Beck, Mark Levin, Dana Loesch, Hugh Hewitt, Mike Gallagher, Neal Boortz, Laura Ingraham, Dennis Prager, Michael Reagan, Howie Carr and Michael Savage, as well as many local commentators who support Republican causes while vocally opposing the left.[405][406][407][408] Vice President Mike Pence also had an early career in conservative talk radio, hosting The Mike Pence Show in the late 1990s before successfully running for Congress in 2000.[409]
In recent years, pundits through podcasting and radio shows like Ben Shapiro and Steven Crowder have also gained fame with a consistently younger audience through outlets such as The Daily Wire and Blaze Media.[citation needed]
Business community
The Republican Party has traditionally been a pro-business party. It garners major support from a wide variety of industries from the financial sector to small businesses. Republicans are about 50 percent more likely to be self-employed and are more likely to work in management.[410][better source needed]
A survey cited by The Washington Post in 2012 stated that 61 percent of small business owners planned to vote for Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. Small business became a major theme of the 2012 Republican National Convention.[411]
Demographics
Percent of party identification in the United States in 2022, by generation
- Democratic
- Independent
- Republican
data from Statista[412]
In 2006, Republicans won 38% of the voters aged 18–29.[413] In a 2018 study, members of the Silent and Baby Boomer generations were more likely to express approval of Trump's presidency than those of Generation X and Millennials.[414]
Low-income voters are more likely to identify as Democrats while high-income voters are more likely to identify as Republicans.[415] In 2012, Obama won 60% of voters with income under $50,000 and 45% of those with incomes higher than that.[416] Bush won 41% of the poorest 20% of voters in 2004, 55% of the richest twenty percent and 53% of those in between. In the 2006 House races, the voters with incomes over $50,000 were 49% Republican while those with incomes under that amount were 38% Republican.[413]
Gender
Since 1980, a "gender gap" has seen stronger support for the Republican Party among men than among women. Unmarried and divorced women were far more likely to vote for Democrat John Kerry than for Republican George W. Bush in the 2004 presidential election.[417] In 2006 House races, 43% of women voted Republican while 47% of men did so.[413] In the 2010 midterms, the "gender gap" was reduced, with women supporting Republican and Democratic candidates equally (49%–49%).[418][419] Exit polls from the 2012 elections revealed a continued weakness among unmarried women for the GOP, a large and growing portion of the electorate.[420] Although women supported Obama over Mitt Romney by a margin of 55–44% in 2012, Romney prevailed amongst married women, 53–46%.[421] Obama won unmarried women 67–31%.[422] According to a December 2019 study, "white women are the only group of female voters who support Republican Party candidates for president. They have done so by a majority in all but 2 of the last 18 elections".[423]
Education
In 2012, the Pew Research Center conducted a study of registered voters with a 35–28 Democrat-to-Republican gap. They found that self-described Democrats had an eight-point advantage over Republicans among college graduates and a fourteen-point advantage among all post-graduates polled. Republicans had an eleven-point advantage among white men with college degrees; Democrats had a ten-point advantage among women with degrees. Democrats accounted for 36% of all respondents with an education of high school or less; Republicans accounted for 28%. When isolating just white registered voters polled, Republicans had a six-point advantage overall and a nine-point advantage among those with a high school education or less.[424] Following the 2016 presidential election, exit polls indicated that "Donald Trump attracted a large share of the vote from whites without a college degree, receiving 72 percent of the white non-college male vote and 62 percent of the white non-college female vote." Overall, 52% of voters with college degrees voted for Hillary Clinton in 2016, while 52% of voters without college degrees voted for Trump.[425]
Ethnicity
Republicans have been winning under 15% of the black vote in recent national elections (1980 to 2016). The party abolished chattel slavery under Abraham Lincoln, defeated the Slave Power, and gave black people the legal right to vote during Reconstruction in the late 1860s. Until the New Deal of the 1930s, black people supported the Republican Party by large margins.[426] Black delegates were a sizable share of southern delegates to the national Republican convention from Reconstruction until the start of the 20th century when their share began to decline.[427] Black voters began shifting away from the Republican Party after the close of Reconstruction through the early 20th century, with the rise of the southern-Republican lily-white movement.[428] Black people shifted in large margins to the Democratic Party in the 1930s, when major Democratic figures such as Eleanor Roosevelt began to support civil rights and the New Deal offered them employment opportunities. They became one of the core components of the New Deal coalition. In the South, after the Voting Rights Act to prohibit racial discrimination in elections was passed by a bipartisan coalition in 1965, black people were able to vote again and ever since have formed a significant portion (20–50%) of the Democratic vote in that region.[429]
In the 2010 elections, two African-American Republicans—Tim Scott and Allen West—were elected to the House of Representatives.[430]
In recent decades, Republicans have been moderately successful in gaining support from Hispanic and Asian American voters. George W. Bush, who campaigned energetically for Hispanic votes, received 35% of their vote in 2000 and 39% in 2004.[431] The party's strong anti-communist stance has made it popular among some minority groups from current and former Communist states, in particular Cuban Americans, Korean Americans, Chinese Americans and Vietnamese Americans. The 2007 election of Bobby Jindal as Governor of Louisiana was hailed as pathbreaking.[432] Jindal became the first elected minority governor in Louisiana and the first state governor of Indian descent.[433] According to John Avlon, in 2013, the Republican party was more ethnically diverse at the statewide elected official level than the Democratic Party was; GOP statewide elected officials included Latino Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval and African-American U.S. senator Tim Scott of South Carolina.[434]
In 2012, 88% of Romney voters were white while 56% of Obama voters were white.[435] In the 2008 presidential election, John McCain won 55% of white votes, 35% of Asian votes, 31% of Hispanic votes and 4% of African American votes.[436] In the 2010 House election, Republicans won 60% of the white votes, 38% of Hispanic votes and 9% of the African American vote.[437]
As of 2020, Republican candidates had lost the popular vote in seven out of the last eight presidential elections.[438] Since 1992, the only time they won the popular vote in a presidential election is the 2004 United States presidential election. Demographers have pointed to the steady decline (as a percentage of the eligible voters) of its core base of older, rural white men.[439][440][441][442] However, Donald Trump managed to increase nonwhite support to 26% of his total votes in the 2020 election — the highest percentage for a GOP presidential candidate since 1960.[443][444]
Republicans have gained support among racial and ethnic minorities, particularly among those who are working class and Hispanic/Latino, since the 2010s.[23][24][26][29][30]
Religious beliefs
Religion has always played a major role for both parties, but in the course of a century, the parties' religious compositions have changed. Religion was a major dividing line between the parties before 1960, with Catholics, Jews, and southern Protestants heavily Democratic and northeastern Protestants heavily Republican. Most of the old differences faded away after the realignment of the 1970s and 1980s that undercut the New Deal coalition.[445] Voters who attended church weekly gave 61% of their votes to Bush in 2004; those who attended occasionally gave him only 47%; and those who never attended gave him 36%. Fifty-nine percent of Protestants voted for Bush, along with 52% of Catholics (even though John Kerry was Catholic). Since 1980, a large majority of evangelicals has voted Republican; 70–80% voted for Bush in 2000 and 2004 and 70% for Republican House candidates in 2006. Jews continue to vote 70–80% Democratic. Democrats have close links with the African American churches, especially the National Baptists, while their historic dominance among Catholic voters has eroded to 54–46 in the 2010 midterms.[446] The mainline traditional Protestants (Methodists, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Episcopalians and Disciples) have dropped to about 55% Republican (in contrast to 75% before 1968).
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Utah and neighboring states voted 75% or more for George W. Bush in 2000.[447] Members of the Mormon faith had a mixed relationship with Donald Trump during his tenure, despite 67% of them voting for him in 2016 and 56% of them supporting his presidency in 2018, disapproving of his personal behavior such as that shown during the Access Hollywood controversy.[448] Their opinion on Trump hadn't affected their party affiliation, however, as 76% of Mormons in 2018 expressed preference for generic Republican congressional candidates.[449]
While Catholic Republican leaders try to stay in line with the teachings of the Catholic Church on subjects such as abortion, euthanasia, embryonic stem cell research and same-sex marriage, they differ on the death penalty and contraception.[450] Pope Francis' 2015 encyclical Laudato si' sparked a discussion on the positions of Catholic Republicans in relation to the positions of the Church. The Pope's encyclical on behalf of the Catholic Church officially acknowledges a man-made climate change caused by burning fossil fuels.[451] The Pope says the warming of the planet is rooted in a throwaway culture and the developed world's indifference to the destruction of the planet in pursuit of short-term economic gains. According to The New York Times, Laudato si' put pressure on the Catholic candidates in the 2016 election: Jeb Bush, Bobby Jindal, Marco Rubio and Rick Santorum.[452] With leading Democrats praising the encyclical, James Bretzke, a professor of moral theology at Boston College, has said that both sides were being disingenuous: "I think it shows that both the Republicans and the Democrats ... like to use religious authority and, in this case, the Pope to support positions they have arrived at independently ... There is a certain insincerity, hypocrisy I think, on both sides".[453] While a Pew Research poll indicates Catholics are more likely to believe the Earth is warming than non-Catholics, 51% of Catholic Republicans believe in global warming (less than the general population) and only 24% of Catholic Republicans believe global warming is caused by human activity.[454]
In 2016, a slim majority of Orthodox Jews voted for the Republican Party, following years of growing Orthodox Jewish support for the party due to its social conservatism and increasingly pro-Israel foreign policy stance.[455] Over 70% of Orthodox Jews identify as Republican or Republican leaning as of 2021.[456] An exit poll conducted by the Associated Press for 2020 found 35% of Muslims voted for Donald Trump.[457]
Republican presidents
As of 2021, there have been a total of 19 Republican presidents.
Current Supreme Court Justices appointed by Republican presidents since 1991
As of July 2022[update], six of the nine seats are filled by Justices appointed by Republican Presidents George H. W. Bush, George W. Bush, and Donald Trump.
| Portrait | Justice | Senate Vote | Since | President |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Clarence Thomas
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
52–48 | October 3, 1991 | George H. W. Bush |
|
John Roberts Jr.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
78–22 | September 29, 2005 | George W. Bush |
|
Samuel Alito Jr.
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
58–42 | January 31, 2006 | |
|
Neil Gorsuch
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
54–45 | April 10, 2017 | Donald Trump |
|
Brett Kavanaugh
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
50–48 | October 6, 2018 | |
|
Amy Coney Barrett
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States |
52–48 | October 27, 2020 |
Recent electoral history
In congressional elections: 1950–present
| House Election year | No. of overall House seats won |
+/– | Presidency | No. of overall Senate seats won |
+/–[458] | Senate Election year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 199 / 435
|
 28
|
Harry S. Truman | 47 / 96
|
5
|
1950 |
| 1952 | 221 / 435
|
22
|
Dwight D. Eisenhower | 49 / 96
|
2
|
1952 |
| 1954 | 203 / 435
|
18
|
47 / 96
|
2
|
1954 | |
| 1956 | 201 / 435
|
2
|
47 / 96
|
 0
|
1956 | |
| 1958 | 153 / 435
|
48
|
34 / 98
|
13
|
1958 | |
| 1960 | 175 / 435
|
22
|
John F. Kennedy | 35 / 100
|
1
|
1960 |
| 1962 | 176 / 435
|
1
|
34 / 100
|
3
|
1962 | |
| 1964 | 140 / 435
|
36
|
Lyndon B. Johnson | 32 / 100
|
2
|
1964 |
| 1966 | 187 / 435
|
47
|
38 / 100
|
3
|
1966 | |
| 1968 | 192 / 435
|
5
|
Richard Nixon | 42 / 100
|
5
|
1968 |
| 1970 | 180 / 435
|
12
|
44 / 100
|
2
|
1970 | |
| 1972 | 192 / 435
|
12
|
41 / 100
|
2
|
1972 | |
| 1974 | 144 / 435
|
48
|
Gerald Ford | 38 / 100
|
3
|
1974 |
| 1976 | 143 / 435
|
1
|
Jimmy Carter | 38 / 100
|
1
|
1976 |
| 1978 | 158 / 435
|
15
|
41 / 100
|
3
|
1978 | |
| 1980 | 192 / 435
|
34
|
Ronald Reagan | 53 / 100
|
12
|
1980 |
| 1982 | 166 / 435
|
26
|
54 / 100
|
0
|
1982 | |
| 1984 | 182 / 435
|
16
|
53 / 100
|
2
|
1984 | |
| 1986 | 177 / 435
|
5
|
45 / 100
|
8
|
1986 | |
| 1988 | 175 / 435
|
2
|
George H. W. Bush | 45 / 100
|
1
|
1988 |
| 1990 | 167 / 435
|
8
|
44 / 100
|
1
|
1990 | |
| 1992 | 176 / 435
|
9
|
Bill Clinton | 43 / 100
|
0
|
1992 |
| 1994 | 230 / 435
|
54
|
53 / 100
|
8
|
1994 | |
| 1996 | 227 / 435
|
3
|
55 / 100
|
2
|
1996 | |
| 1998 | 223 / 435
|
4
|
55 / 100
|
0
|
1998 | |
| 2000 | 221 / 435
|
2
|
George W. Bush | 50 / 100
|
4[459]
|
2000 |
| 2002 | 229 / 435
|
8
|
51 / 100
|
2
|
2002 | |
| 2004 | 232 / 435
|
3
|
55 / 100
|
4
|
2004 | |
| 2006 | 202 / 435
|
30
|
49 / 100
|
6
|
2006 | |
| 2008 | 178 / 435
|
21
|
Barack Obama | 41 / 100
|
8
|
2008 |
| 2010 | 242 / 435
|
63
|
47 / 100
|
6
|
2010 | |
| 2012 | 234 / 435
|
8
|
45 / 100
|
2
|
2012 | |
| 2014 | 247 / 435
|
13
|
54 / 100
|
9
|
2014 | |
| 2016 | 241 / 435
|
6
|
Donald Trump | 52 / 100
|
2
|
2016 |
| 2018 | 200 / 435
|
41
|
53 / 100
|
1
|
2018 | |
| 2020 | 213 / 435
|
13
|
Joe Biden | 50 / 100
|
3
|
2020 |
| 2022 | TBD | TBD
|
50 / 100
|
0
|
2022 |
In presidential elections: 1856–present
| Election | Presidential ticket | Votes | Vote % | Electoral votes | +/– | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1856 | John C. Frémont/William L. Dayton | 1,342,345 | 33.1 | 114 / 296
|
New party | Lost |
| 1860 | Abraham Lincoln/Hannibal Hamlin | 1,865,908 | 39.8 | 180 / 303
|
66
|
Won |
| 1864 | Abraham Lincoln/Andrew Johnson | 2,218,388 | 55.0 | 212 / 233
|
32
|
Won |
| 1868 | Ulysses S. Grant/Schuyler Colfax | 3,013,421 | 52.7 | 214 / 294
|
2
|
Won |
| 1872 | Ulysses S. Grant/Henry Wilson | 3,598,235 | 55.6 | 286 / 352
|
72
|
Won |
| 1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes/William A. Wheeler | 4,034,311 | 47.9 | 185 / 369
|
134
|
Won[B] |
| 1880 | James A. Garfield/Chester A. Arthur | 4,446,158 | 48.3 | 214 / 369
|
29
|
Won |
| 1884 | James G. Blaine/John A. Logan | 4,856,905 | 48.3 | 182 / 401
|
32
|
Lost |
| 1888 | Benjamin Harrison/Levi P. Morton | 5,443,892 | 47.8 | 233 / 401
|
51
|
Won[C] |
| 1892 | Benjamin Harrison/Whitelaw Reid | 5,176,108 | 43.0 | 145 / 444
|
88
|
Lost |
| 1896 | William McKinley/Garret Hobart | 7,111,607 | 51.0 | 271 / 447
|
126
|
Won |
| 1900 | William McKinley/Theodore Roosevelt | 7,228,864 | 51.6 | 292 / 447
|
21
|
Won |
| 1904 | Theodore Roosevelt/Charles W. Fairbanks | 7,630,457 | 56.4 | 336 / 476
|
44
|
Won |
| 1908 | William Howard Taft/James S. Sherman | 7,678,395 | 51.6 | 321 / 483
|
15
|
Won |
| 1912 | William Howard Taft/Nicholas M. Butler[g] | 3,486,242 | 23.2 | 8 / 531
|
313
|
Lost[D] |
| 1916 | Charles E. Hughes/Charles W. Fairbanks | 8,548,728 | 46.1 | 254 / 531
|
246
|
Lost |
| 1920 | Warren G. Harding/Calvin Coolidge | 16,144,093 | 60.3 | 404 / 531
|
150
|
Won |
| 1924 | Calvin Coolidge/Charles G. Dawes | 15,723,789 | 54.0 | 382 / 531
|
22
|
Won |
| 1928 | Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis | 21,427,123 | 58.2 | 444 / 531
|
62
|
Won |
| 1932 | Herbert Hoover/Charles Curtis | 15,761,254 | 39.7 | 59 / 531
|
385
|
Lost |
| 1936 | Alf Landon/Frank Knox | 16,679,543 | 36.5 | 8 / 531
|
51
|
Lost |
| 1940 | Wendell Willkie/Charles L. McNary | 22,347,744 | 44.8 | 82 / 531
|
74
|
Lost |
| 1944 | Thomas E. Dewey/John W. Bricker | 22,017,929 | 45.9 | 99 / 531
|
17
|
Lost |
| 1948 | Thomas E. Dewey/Earl Warren | 21,991,292 | 45.1 | 189 / 531
|
90
|
Lost |
| 1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon | 34,075,529 | 55.2 | 442 / 531
|
253
|
Won |
| 1956 | Dwight D. Eisenhower/Richard Nixon | 35,579,180 | 57.4 | 457 / 531
|
15
|
Won |
| 1960 | Richard Nixon/Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. | 34,108,157 | 49.6 | 219 / 537
|
238
|
Lost |
| 1964 | Barry Goldwater/William E. Miller | 27,175,754 | 38.5 | 52 / 538
|
167
|
Lost |
| 1968 | Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew | 31,783,783 | 43.4 | 301 / 538
|
249
|
Won |
| 1972 | Richard Nixon/Spiro Agnew | 47,168,710 | 60.7 | 520 / 538
|
219
|
Won |
| 1976 | Gerald Ford/Bob Dole | 38,148,634 | 48.0 | 240 / 538
|
280
|
Lost |
| 1980 | Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush | 43,903,230 | 50.7 | 489 / 538
|
249
|
Won |
| 1984 | Ronald Reagan/George H. W. Bush | 54,455,472 | 58.8 | 525 / 538
|
36
|
Won |
| 1988 | George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle | 48,886,097 | 53.4 | 426 / 538
|
99
|
Won |
| 1992 | George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle | 39,104,550 | 37.4 | 168 / 538
|
258
|
Lost |
| 1996 | Bob Dole/Jack Kemp | 39,197,469 | 40.7 | 159 / 538
|
9
|
Lost |
| 2000 | George W. Bush/Dick Cheney | 50,456,002 | 47.9 | 271 / 538
|
112
|
Won[E] |
| 2004 | George W. Bush/Dick Cheney | 62,040,610 | 50.7 | 286 / 538
|
15
|
Won |
| 2008 | John McCain/Sarah Palin | 59,948,323 | 45.7 | 173 / 538
|
113
|
Lost |
| 2012 | Mitt Romney/Paul Ryan | 60,933,504 | 47.2 | 206 / 538
|
33
|
Lost |
| 2016 | Donald Trump/Mike Pence | 62,984,828 | 46.1 | 304 / 538
|
98
|
Won[F] |
| 2020 | Donald Trump/Mike Pence | 74,216,154 | 46.9 | 232 / 538
|
72
|
Lost |
See also
Notes
- ^ The Log Cabin Republicans were first recognized by the Republican National Committee (RNC) as an affiliated, non-RNC controlled LGBT wing in November 2021. Simultaneously during the announcement, RNC chairwoman Ronna McDaniel announced that a RNC-led "Republican Pride Coalition" would be established for future upcoming elections.[2]
- ^ See factions in Factions in the Republican Party.
- ^ The Republicans are the minority party in the Senate because of Vice President Kamala Harris's tie-breaking vote, as independents Bernie Sanders and Angus King caucus with the 48 Democrats, effectively making the Senate 50–50.
- ^ According to an NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, while more than 60% of Americans believe the 2020 election was secure, a large majority of Republican voters say they do not trust the results of the 2020 election.[332] According to a poll by Quinnipiac, 77% of Republicans believe there was widespread voter fraud.[333]
- ^ a b c d Died in office.
- ^ Resigned from office.
- ^ Incumbent vice-president James S. Sherman was re-nominated as Taft's running-mate, but died six days prior to the election. Butler was chosen to receive the Republican vice-presidential votes after the election.
- ^ Similar to the 2004 map, Republicans dominate in rural areas, making improvements in the Appalachian states, namely Kentucky, where the party won all but two counties; and West Virginia, where every county in the state voted Republican. The party also improved in many rural counties in Iowa, Wisconsin and other midwestern states. Contrarily, the party suffered substantial losses in urbanized areas such as Dallas, Harris, Fort Bend, and Tarrant counties in Texas and Orange and San Diego counties in California, all of which were won in 2004, but lost in 2020
- ^ Although Hayes won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Samuel J. Tilden won a majority of the popular vote.
- ^ Although Harrison won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Grover Cleveland won a plurality of the popular vote.
- ^ Taft finished in third place in both the electoral and popular vote, behind Progressive Theodore Roosevelt.
- ^ Although Bush won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Al Gore won a plurality of the popular vote.
- ^ Although Trump won a majority of votes in the Electoral College, Democrat Hillary Clinton won a plurality of the popular vote.
References
- ^ The Origin of the Republican Party by A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, WI, 1914.
- ^ Sonmez, Felicia (November 23, 2021). "Republican National Committee dismisses call for Ronna McDaniel to resign as chairwoman over outreach to LGBTQ voters". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
- ^ Winger, Richard. "August 2022 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
- ^ a b c Smith, Robert C. (2021). "Ronald Reagan, Donald Trump, and the Future of the Republican Party and Conservatism in America". American Political Thought. 10 (2): 283–289. doi:10.1086/713662. S2CID 233401184. Retrieved September 21, 2022.
- ^ a b Davis, Susan (August 23, 2019). "Meltdown On Main Street: Inside The Breakdown Of The GOP's Moderate Wing". NPR. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
- ^ Haberman, Clyde (October 28, 2018). "Religion and Right-Wing Politics: How Evangelicals Reshaped Elections". The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
- ^ Cohn, Nate (May 5, 2015). "Mike Huckabee and the Continuing Influence of Evangelicals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 6, 2015. Retrieved October 14, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Miller, William J. (2013). The 2012 Nomination and the Future of the Republican Party. Lexington Books. p. 39.
- ^ a b Cassidy, John (February 29, 2016). "Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 22, 2016.
- ^ a b Gould, J.J. (July 2, 2016). "Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
- ^ "Members". IDU. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015.
- ^ Brownstein, Ronald (November 22, 2017). "Where the Republican Party Began". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on December 29, 2021.
- ^ "Major American Political Parties of the 19th Century". Norwich University Online. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
...The Democratic-Republican and Whig parties are considered the predecessors of today's Democratic and Republican parties, respectively.
- ^ Joseph R. Fornieri; Sara Vaughn Gabbard (2008). Lincoln's America: 1809–1865. SIU Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8093-8713-7. Archived from the original on July 24, 2019. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ James G. Randall; Lincoln the Liberal Statesman (1947).
- ^ Zingher, Joshua N. (2018). "Polarization, Demographic Change, and White Flight from the Democratic Party". The Journal of Politics. 80 (3): 860–72. doi:10.1086/696994. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 158351108.
- ^ a b c Layman, Geoffrey (2001). The Great Divide: Religious and Cultural Conflict in American Party Politics. Columbia University Press. pp. 115, 119–20. ISBN 978-0-231-12058-6. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Reich, Gary M. (2021). The Politics of Immigration Across the United States: Every State a Border State?. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-33580-4 – via Google Books.
- ^ Hajnal, Zoltan (January 4, 2021). "Immigration & the Origins of White Backlash". Daedalus. 150 (2): 23–39. doi:10.1162/daed_a_01844. ISSN 0011-5266.
- ^ Baker, Paula; Critchlow, Donald T. (2020). The Oxford Handbook of American Political History. Oxford University Press. p. 387. ISBN 978-0-19-062869-7 – via Google Books.
Contemporary debate is fueled on one side by immigration restrictionists, led by President Donald Trump and other elected republicans, whose rhetorical and policy assaults on undocumented Latin American immigrants, Muslim refugees, and family-based immigration energized their conservative base.
- ^ Jacobson, Gary C.; Liu, Huchen (n.d.). "Dealing with Disruption: Congressional Republicans' Responses to Donald Trump's Behavior and Agenda". Presidential Studies Quarterly (published December 15, 2019). 50 (1): 4–29. doi:10.1111/psq.12630. ISSN 1741-5705. S2CID 213255600.
- ^ Qamar, Zoha (August 4, 2022). "When Republicans Talk About Immigration, They Don't Just Mean Illegal Immigration". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ a b c Teixeira, Ruy (November 6, 2022). "Democrats' Long Goodbye to the Working Class". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
As we move into the endgame of the 2022 election, the Democrats face a familiar problem. America’s historical party of the working class keeps losing working-class support. And not just among white voters. Not only has the emerging Democratic majority I once predicted failed to materialize, but many of the nonwhite voters who were supposed to deliver it are instead voting for Republicans... From 2012 to 2020, the Democrats not only saw their support among white working-class voters — those without college degrees — crater, they also saw their advantage among nonwhite working-class voters fall by 18 points. And between 2016 and 2020 alone, the Democratic advantage among Hispanic voters declined by 16 points, overwhelmingly driven by the defection of working-class voters. In contrast, Democrats' advantage among white college-educated voters improved by 16 points from 2012 to 2020, an edge that delivered Joe Biden the White House.
- ^ a b Cohn, Nate (July 13, 2022). "Poll Shows Tight Race for Control of Congress as Class Divide Widens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
But the cofluence of economic problems and resurgent cultural issues has helped turn the emerging class divide in the Democratic coalition into a chasm, as Republicans appear to be making new inroads among nonwhite and working class voters... For the first time in a Times/Siena national survey, Democrats had a larger share of support among white college graduates than among nonwhite voters - a striking indication of the shifting balance of political energy...
- ^ Multiple sources:
- "1. Trends in party affiliation among demographic groups". Pew Research Center. March 20, 2018. Retrieved December 29, 2018.
- "Presidential Election Results: Donald J. Trump Wins". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
- Haberman, Clyde (October 28, 2018). "Religion and Right-Wing Politics: How Evangelicals Reshaped Elections". The New York Times.
- Janda, Kenneth (2021). A Tale of Two Parties: Living Amongst Democrats and Republicans Since 1952. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-33882-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ a b Zitner, Aaron; Mena, Bryan (October 2, 2022). "Working-Class Latino Voters, Once Solidly Democratic, Are Shifting Toward Republicans". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
Latinos across America are splitting among economic lines, with a pronounced shift among working-class voters toward the Republican party.
- ^ Newport, Frank (November 13, 2020). "Religious Group Voting and the 2020 Election". Gallup News. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
- ^ "In voting, Orthodox Jews are looking more like evangelicals". Religion News Service. February 19, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
- ^ a b c Kraushaar, Josh (July 14, 2022). "The Great American Realignment". Axios. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
Shifts in the demographics of the two parties' supporters — taking place before our eyes — are arguably the biggest political story of our time. Republicans are becoming more working class and a little more multiracial. Democrats are becoming more elite and a little more white...
- ^ a b c Kraushaar, Josh (July 13, 2022). "The Democratic electorate's seismic shift". Axios. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
Democrats are becoming the party of upscale voters concerned more about issues like gun control and abortion rights. Republicans are quietly building a multiracial coalition of working-class voters, with inflation as an accelerant... In the Times/Siena poll, Ds hold a 20-point advantage over Rs among white college-educated voters — but are statistically tied among Hispanics.
- ^ Weisman, Steven R. (September 23, 1989). "Conservative Figures See 'Bright' Future". The New York Times. New York City. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on July 16, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
- ^ Sanger, David E. (June 11, 2002). "Bush in Terrorist Warning". The New York Times. New York City. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on July 19, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
President Bush warned an international group of conservative and moderate politicians at the White House tonight that terrorists could attain 'catastrophic power' with weapons of mass destruction and would readily use that power to attack the United States or other nations. The president made his remarks to about 100 members of the International Democrat Union, a group of international center and center-right political parties that met today and Sunday for a conference in Washington.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: The Kansas-Nebraska Act". www.senate.gov. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
- ^ "The Wealthy Activist Who Helped Turn "Bleeding Kansas" Free". Smithsonian. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
- ^ "The Origin of the Republican Party, A. F. Gilman, Ripon College, 1914". Content.wisconsinhistory.org. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2012.
- ^ "History of the GOP". GOP. Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
- ^ "Birth of Republicanism". NY Times. 1879.
- ^ William Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (Oxford UP, 1987)
- ^ William Gienapp, "Nativism and the Creation of a Republican Majority in the North before the Civil War." Journal of American History 72.3 (1985): 529–59 online
- ^ "Republican National Political Conventions 1856–2008 (Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
- ^ a b "First Republican national convention ends". History. February 9, 2010. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
- ^ a b Cooper, William (October 4, 2016). "James Buchanan: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ McPherson 1988, p. 144.
- ^ a b c Burlingame, Michael (October 4, 2016). "Abraham Lincoln: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Guelzo, Allen C. (2008). Lincoln and Douglas: The Debates that Defined America. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 285. ISBN 9780743273206.
- ^ Kim, Mallie Jane (December 2, 2010). "The Election That Led to the Civil War". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ "Lincoln reelected". History. November 13, 2009. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
- ^ Klein, Christopher. "Congress Passes 13th Amendment, 150 Years Ago". History. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
- ^ Harris, William C. (1997). With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 123–70.
- ^ a b c Varon, Elizabeth R. (October 4, 2016). "Andrew Johnson: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ McPherson, James M. (October 1965). "Grant or Greeley? The Abolitionist Dilemma in the Election of 1872". The American Historical Review. Oxford University Press. 71 (1): 42–61. doi:10.2307/1863035. JSTOR 1863035. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Matthews, Dylan (July 20, 2016). "Donald Trump and Chris Christie are reportedly planning to purge the civil service". Vox. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved March 22, 2019.
- ^ Waugh, Joan (October 4, 2016). "Ulysses S. Grant: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Blackford, Shelia (September 30, 2020). "Disputed Election of 1876". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Johnston, Robert D. (October 4, 2016). "Rutherford B. Hayes: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Johnston, Robert D. (October 4, 2016). "Rutherford B. Hayes: Domestic Affairs". Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Garfield, James A. (February 1876). "The Currency Conflict". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 31, 2021.
- ^ Peskin, Allan (Spring 1980). "The Election of 1880". The Wilson Quarterly. 4 (2): 172–181. JSTOR 40255831.
- ^ Andrew Glass. "Pendleton Act inaugurates U.S. civil service system, Jan. 16, 1883". Politico.
- ^ Butler, Leslie (2009). Critical Americans: Victorian Intellectuals and Transatlantic Liberal Reform. University of North Carolina Press.
- ^ Blodgett, Geoffrey T. (1962). "The Mind of the Boston Mugwump". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 48 (4): 614–634. doi:10.2307/1893145. JSTOR 1893145.
- ^ Nevins, Allan (1933). Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908. p. 269.
- ^ Bailey, Thomas A. (1937). "Was the Presidential Election of 1900 a Mandate on Imperialism?". The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 24 (1): 43–52. doi:10.2307/1891336. JSTOR 1891336.
- ^ Skocpol, Theda (1993). "America's First Social Security System: The Expansion of Benefits for Civil War Veterans". Political Science Quarterly. 108 (1): 85–116. doi:10.2307/2152487. JSTOR 2152487.
- ^ W. Baker Jr., George (August 1964). "Benjamin Harrison and Hawaiian Annexation: A Reinterpretation". Pacific Historical Review. 33 (3): 295–309. doi:10.2307/3636837. JSTOR 3636837.
- ^ Bacon, Harold (Summer 1957). "Anti-Imperialism and the Democrats". Science & Society. 21 (3): 222–239. JSTOR 40400511.
- ^ Phillips, Kevin (2003). William McKinley. New York: Times Books. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-8050-6953-2.
- ^ Walter Dean Burnham, "Periodization schemes and 'party systems': the 'system of 1896' as a case in point." Social Science History 10.3 (1986): 263–314.
- ^ Williams, R. Hal (2010). Realigning America: McKinley, Bryan and the Remarkable Election of 1896. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. pp. 56, 121. ISBN 978-0-7006-1721-0.
- ^ "The Ol' Switcheroo. Theodore Roosevelt, 1912". Time. April 29, 2009. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved February 3, 2018.
- ^ David E. Kyvig, Repealing National Prohibition (2000) pp. 63–65.
- ^ James Ciment, ed. (2015). Encyclopedia of the Jazz Age: From the End of World War I to the Great Crash. Routledge. p. 446. ISBN 978-1-317-47165-3.
- ^ Lewis Gould, Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans (2003) pp. 271–308.
- ^ "The Roots of Modern Conservatism | Michael Bowen". University of North Carolina Press. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2019.
- ^ Gould, pp. 271–308.
- ^ Quote on p. 261 Nash, George H.; Reinhard, David W. (1984). "The Republican Right from Taft to Reagan". Reviews in American History. 12 (2): 261–65. doi:10.2307/2702450. JSTOR 2702450. Nash references David W. Reinhard, The Republican Right since 1945, (University Press of Kentucky, 1983).
- ^ Murray Rothbard (2007). The Betrayal of the American Right (PDF). Mises Institute. p. 85.
- ^ Nicol C. Rae, The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present (1989)
- ^ Perlstein, Rick (August 2008). "How the 1964 Republican Convention Sparked a Revolution From the Right". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ F. Will, George (November 21, 2014). "George F. Will: Recalling Rockefeller". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Hayward, Steven F. (October 23, 2014). "Why Ronald Reagan's 'A Time for Choosing' endures after all this time". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Fisher, Marc (June 2017). "'Tear down this wall': How Reagan's forgotten line became a defining moment". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2022.
- ^ American Culture Transformed: Dialing 9/11. Palgrave Macmillan. 2012. ISBN 978-1-137-03349-9. Archived from the original on April 6, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ Erickson, Amanda (December 2, 2018). "How George H.W. Bush pushed the United States to embrace free trade". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ Reuters Staff (August 16, 2017). "Opposed from the start, the rocky history of NAFTA". Reuters. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ Collins, Eliza (July 10, 2019). "Did Perot Spoil 1992 Election for Bush? It's Complicated". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ Helmore, Edward (February 5, 2017). "How Trump's political playbook evolved since he first ran for president in 2000". The Guardian. Retrieved May 30, 2021.
- ^ a b Elving, Ron (September 23, 2010). "GOP's 'Pledge' Echoes 'Contract'; But Much Myth Surrounds '94 Plan". NPR. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ a b Kennedy, Lesley (October 9, 2018). "The 1994 Midterms: When Newt Gingrich Helped Republicans Win Big". History. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Glass, Andrew (November 8, 2007). "Congress runs into 'Republican Revolution' Nov. 8, 1994". Politico. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ a b Baer, Susan (November 7, 1996). "Revolutionary Gingrich suddenly is a centrist offering to help Clinton Election showed speaker to be 'slightly more popular than Unabomber'; ELECTION 1996". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Cogan, John F.; Brady, David (March 1, 1997). "The 1996 House Elections: Reaffirming the Conservative Trend". Hoover Institute. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Mitchell, Alison (November 7, 1998). "The Speaker Steps Down: The Career; the Fall of Gingrich, an Irony in an Odd Year". The New York Times.
- ^ Kilgore, Ed (June 6, 2019). "Did Impeachment Plans Damage Republicans in 1998?". New York. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Graham, David A.; Murphy, Cullen (December 2018). "The Clinton Impeachment, As Told By The People Who Lived It". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Rothman, Lily (May 28, 2015). "How a Scandal Made Dennis Hastert the Speaker of the House". Time. Retrieved May 29, 2021.
- ^ Judis, John (December 20, 2004). "Movement Interruptus". The American Prospect.
- ^ Vyse, Graham (March 30, 2018). "'Compassionate Conservatism' Won't Be Back Anytime Soon". New Republic. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
- ^ Alberta, Tim (June 8, 2020). "Is This the Last Stand of the 'Law and Order' Republicans?". Politico. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
- ^ Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation (2004).
- ^ Wilentz, Sean (September 4, 2008). "How Bush Destroyed the Republican Party". Rolling Stone. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ Michael Kazin, ed. (2013). In Search of Progressive America. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8122-0909-9.
- ^ "Profiles of the Typology Groups | Pew Research". People-press.org. May 10, 2005. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Righteous Anger: The Conservative Case Against George W. Bush". The American Conservative (Cato Institute Re-printing). December 11, 2003. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
- ^ "How Huckabee Scares the GOP" Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. By E. J. Dionne. Real Clear Politics. Published December 21, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
- ^ Dick, Jason (January 19, 2016). "Today's Senate Roadblock Is Tomorrow's Safeguard". Roll Call.
- ^ Winston, David (January 4, 2019). "House Republicans came back from being written off before. They can again". Roll Call.
- ^ Niemietz, Brian. "Sarah Palin was not invited to John McCain's funeral". New York Daily News.
- ^ Kilgore, Ed (November 3, 2010). "How the Republicans Did It". The New Republic.
- ^ "US midterm election results herald new political era as Republicans take House". The Guardian. November 3, 2010.
- ^ Connolly, Katie (September 16, 2010). "What exactly is the Tea Party?". BBC News.
- ^ "Strong in 2010, Where is the Tea Party Now?". NPR.org.
- ^ a b Blum, Rachel M. (2020). How the Tea Party Captured the GOP: Insurgent Factions in American Politics. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-68752-0.
- ^ Gallup: Tea Party's top concerns are debt, size of government The Hill, July 5, 2010
- ^ Somashekhar, Sandhya (September 12, 2010). Tea Party DC March: "Tea party activists march on Capitol Hill". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2011.
- ^ Somin, Ilya (May 26, 2011). "The Tea Party Movement and Popular Constitutionalism". Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy. Rochester, NY. SSRN 1853645.
- ^ Ekins, Emily (September 26, 2011). "Is Half the Tea Party Libertarian?". Reason. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved July 16, 2012.Kirby, David; Ekins, Emily McClintock (August 6, 2012). "Libertarian Roots of the Tea Party". Policy Analysis. Cato Institute (705). Archived from the original on December 4, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
- ^ Halloran, Liz (February 5, 2010). "What's Behind The New Populism?". NPR. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Barstow, David (February 16, 2010). "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Fineman, Howard (April 6, 2010). "Party Time". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
- ^ Pauline Arrillaga (April 14, 2014). "Tea Party 2012: A Look At The Conservative Movement's Last Three Years". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 17, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Michelle Boorstein (October 5, 2010). "Tea party, religious right often overlap, poll shows". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 7, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2019.Peter Wallsten; Danny Yadron (September 29, 2010). "Tea-Party Movement Gathers Strength". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
- ^ "Scott Brown: the tea party's first electoral victory". Christian Science Monitor. January 19, 2010.
- ^ "Will Redistricting Be a Bloodbath for Democrats?". ABC News. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
- ^ "It's official: Obama, Biden win second term". Los Angeles Times. January 4, 2013.
- ^ Inc, Quorum Analytics. "Under Obama, Democrats suffer largest loss in power since Eisenhower". Quorum.
- ^ "Democrats Retain Senate Control On Election Night". HuffPost. November 7, 2012.
- ^ "Olympia Snowe: Bob Dole is right about GOP" – Kevin Robillard Archived June 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Politico.Com (May 29, 2013). Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
- ^ Powell: GOP has 'a dark vein of intolerance' Archived May 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Politico.Com. Retrieved on August 17, 2013.
- ^ "Grand Old Party for a Brand New Generation" (PDF). June 10, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2013.
- ^ Franke-Ruta, Garance (March 18, 2013). "What You Need to Read in the RNC Election-Autopsy Report". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ Rachel Weiner, "Reince Priebus gives GOP prescription for future", The Washington Post March 18, 2013 Archived July 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Republicans keep edge in latest Senate midterm estimate". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
- ^ "It's all but official: This will be the most dominant Republican Congress since 1929". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
- ^ Hook, Reid J. Epstein and Janet (November 10, 2016). "Donald Trump's Win Starts a New Era for Republicans". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "12 days that stunned a nation: How Hillary Clinton lost". NBC News.
- ^ "How Trump won and proved everyone wrong with his populist message". NBC News Specials.
- ^ Cohn, Nate (November 9, 2016). "Why Trump Won: Working-Class Whites". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
- ^ "Christian Nationalism's Influence On American Politics : 1A". NPR.org. July 11, 2022. Retrieved August 18, 2022.
- ^ Bosman, Julie; Davey, Monica (November 11, 2016). "Republicans Expand Control in a Deeply Divided Nation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
- ^ "Republicans Governorships Rise to Highest Mark Since 1922". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
- ^ David A. Lieb (November 6, 2016). "Republican governorships rise to highest mark since 1922". U.S. News & World Report. Associated Press.
- ^ Phillips, Amber (November 12, 2016). "These 3 maps show just how dominant Republicans are in America after Tuesday". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 13, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ Lieb, David A. (December 29, 2016). "GOP-Controlled States Aim to Reshape Laws". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 31, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
- ^ Greenblatt, Alan (November 9, 2016). "Republicans Add to Their Dominance of State Legislatures". Governing. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
- ^ Graham, David A. (November 7, 2018). "The Democrats Are Back, and Ready to Take On Trump". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ Kumar, Anita (September 26, 2020). "Trump's legacy is now the Supreme Court". Politico. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ "Trump signs tax cut bill, first big legislative win". NBC News.
- ^ December 2019, Leonard David 21 (December 21, 2019). "Trump Officially Establishes US Space Force with 2020 Defense Bill Signing". Space.com.
- ^ Forgey, Quint. "'The dawn of a new Middle East': Trump celebrates Abraham Accords with White House signing ceremony". POLITICO.
- ^ "The Republican Party turns its platform into a person: Donald Trump".
- ^ Wilkie, Christina (December 19, 2019). "President Trump is impeached in a historic vote by the House, will face trial in the Senate". CNBC.
- ^ s. "President Donald Trump impeached". History.
- ^ Breuninger, Christina Wilkie, Kevin (February 5, 2020). "Trump acquitted of both charges in Senate impeachment trial". CNBC.
- ^ Chappell, Bill (January 13, 2021). "House Impeaches Trump A 2nd Time, Citing Insurrection At U.S. Capitol". NPR. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas (January 13, 2021). "Trump Impeached for Inciting Insurrection". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ Gregorian, Dareh (February 13, 2021). "Trump acquitted in impeachment trial; 7 GOP Senators vote with Democrats to convict". NBC News. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ https://www.businessinsider.com/supreme-court-guns-decision-second-amendment-new-york-2022-6
- ^ https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-federal-abortion-rights.html
- ^ "How Election Week 2022 Went Down". FiveThirtyEight. November 8, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
- ^ Hounshell, Blake (November 9, 2022). "Five Takeaways From a Red Wave That Didn't Reach the Shore". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 9, 2022.
- ^ Tumulty, Karen (November 9, 2022). "The expected red wave looks more like a puddle". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
- ^ Cowan, Richard (November 17, 2022). "Republicans win U.S. House majority, setting stage for divided government". Reuters. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
- ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/09/us/politics/trump-republicans-midterms.html
- ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2022-election/battleground-republicans-unload-trump-ahead-expected-2024-announcement-rcna57153
- ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/donald-trump-is-the-gops-biggest-loser-midterm-elections-senate-house-congress-republicans-11668034869
- ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/09/desantis-trump-2024-presidential-election/
- ^ https://nypost.com/2022/11/09/ron-desantis-shows-hes-future-of-the-gop/
- ^ https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/ron-desantis-new-republican-party-leader
- ^ "The Third-Term Panic". Cartoon of the Day. November 7, 2003. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2011.
- ^ Rutland, RA (1996). The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush. p. 2. ISBN 0-8262-1090-2.
- ^ "The Origins of the Republican Party". UShistory.org. July 4, 1995. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- ^ Gould, pp. 14–15
- ^ Joyner, James. "The Changing Definition of 'Conservative'". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
- ^ "Republican Party | political party, United States [1854–present]". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on May 5, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
- ^ "Grand Old Party", Oxford English Dictionary.
- ^ "Cartoon of the Day". HarpWeek.com. Archived from the original on September 21, 2011. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Ballots of United States: Indiana". University of North Carolina. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
- ^ Tomas Lopez (October 23, 2014). "Poor Ballot Design Hurts New York's Minor Parties ... Again". Brennan Center for Justice. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
- ^ "See Sample Ballots for Today's Primary Elections". West Kentucky Star. May 19, 2015. Archived from the original on February 7, 2017. Retrieved February 6, 2017.
- ^ Bump, Philip (November 8, 2016). "Red vs. Blue: A history of how we use political colors". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
- ^ Drum, Kevin (November 13, 2004). "Red State, Blue State". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
- ^ Drum, Kevin (November 14, 2004). "Red States and Blue States ... Explained!". Washington Monthly. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
- ^ Philip Bump. "Red vs. Blue: A history of how we use political colors". Washington Post.
- ^ Appelbaum, Binyamin (December 1, 2017). "Debt Concerns, Once a Core Republican Tenet, Take a Back Seat to Tax Cuts". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
- ^ "Why Republicans who once fought budget debt now embrace it". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 2, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
- ^ Johnson, Simon (April 5, 2012). "Is There a Fiscal Crisis in the United States?". Economix Blog. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
- ^ Milkis, Sidney M.; King, Desmond; Jacobs, Nicholas F. (2019). "Building a Conservative State: Partisan Polarization and the Redeployment of Administrative Power". Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 453–69. doi:10.1017/S1537592718003511. ISSN 1537-5927.
- ^ "The Rise in Per Capita Federal Spending". Mercatus Center. November 12, 2014. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ Grossmann, Matt; Mahmood, Zuhaib; Isaac, William (2021). "Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Unequal Class Influence in American Policy". The Journal of Politics. 83 (4): 1706–1720. doi:10.1086/711900. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 224851520.
- ^ Bartels, Larry M. (2016). Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age - Second Edition. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-8336-3.
- ^ Rhodes, Jesse H.; Schaffner, Brian F. (2017). "Testing Models of Unequal Representation: Democratic Populists and Republican Oligarchs?". Quarterly Journal of Political Science. 12 (2): 185–204. doi:10.1561/100.00016077.
- ^ Lax, Jeffrey R.; Phillips, Justin H.; Zelizer, Adam (2019). "The Party or the Purse? Unequal Representation in the US Senate". American Political Science Review. 113 (4): 917–940. doi:10.1017/S0003055419000315. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 21669533.
- ^ Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2020). Let them Eat Tweets: How the Right Rules in an Age of Extreme Inequality. Liveright Publishing. ISBN 978-1-63149-685-1.
- ^ "Diving into the rich pool". The Economist. September 24, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2012.
- ^ Paul Kiel, Jesse Eisinger (December 11, 2018). "How the IRS Was Gutted". ProPublica. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ a b Grumbach, Jacob M.; Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2021), Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Hacker, Jacob S.; Thelen, Kathleen; Pierson, Paul (eds.), "The Political Economies of Red States", The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power, Cambridge University Press, pp. 209–244, ISBN 978-1-316-51636-2
- ^ Konczal, Mike (March 24, 2014). "The Conservative Myth of a Social Safety Net Built on Charity". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on May 3, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2021.
- ^ "Employer/Union Rights and Obligations". National Labor Relations Board. Archived from the original on July 11, 2017. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Smialek, Jeanna (July 18, 2019). "House Passes Bill to Raise Minimum Wage to $15, a Victory for Liberals". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2019. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
- ^ "As Economic Concerns Recede, Environmental Protection Rises on the Public's Policy Agenda / Partisan gap on dealing with climate change gets even wider". PewResearch.org. Pew Research Center. February 13, 2020. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. (Discontinuity resulted from survey changing in 2015 from reciting "global warming" to "climate change".)
- ^ a b McGreal, Chris (October 26, 2021). "Revealed: 60% of Americans say oil firms are to blame for the climate crisis". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021.
Source: Guardian/Vice/CCN/YouGov poll. Note: ±4% margin of error.
- ^ a b Tyson, Alec; Funk, Cary; Kennedy, Brian (March 1, 2022). "Americans Largely Favor U.S. Taking Steps To Become Carbon Neutral by 2050 / Appendix (Detailed charts and tables)". Pew Research. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022.
- ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (April 11, 2022). "Climate Change Proposals Favored by Solid Majorities in U.S. / Support for Policies Designed to Limit Greenhouse Gases, by Political Party". Gallup. Archived from the original on October 1, 2022.
- ^ Poushter, Jacob; Fagan, Moira; Gubbala, Sneha (August 31, 2022). "Climate Change Remains Top Global Threat Across 19-Country Survey". pewresearch.org. Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on August 31, 2022.
Only statistically significant differences shown.
- ^ Filler, Daniel. "Theodore Roosevelt: Conservation as the Guardian of Democracy". Archived from the original on August 2, 2003. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ^ Ewert, Sara Dant (July 3, 2003). "Environmental Politics in the Nixon Era". Journal of Policy History. 15 (3): 345–48. doi:10.1353/jph.2003.0019. ISSN 1528-4190. S2CID 153711962. Archived from the original on August 9, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Dunlap, Riley E.; McCright, Araon M. (August 7, 2010). "A Widening Gap: Republican and Democratic Views on Climate Change". Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development. 50 (5): 26–35. doi:10.3200/ENVT.50.5.26-35. S2CID 154964336.
- ^ Bergquist, Parrish; Warshaw, Christopher (2020). "Elections and parties in environmental politics". Handbook of U.S. Environmental Policy: 126–141. doi:10.4337/9781788972840.00017. ISBN 9781788972840. S2CID 219077951.
- ^ Fredrickson, Leif; Sellers, Christopher; Dillon, Lindsey; Ohayon, Jennifer Liss; Shapiro, Nicholas; Sullivan, Marianne; Bocking, Stephen; Brown, Phil; de la Rosa, Vanessa; Harrison, Jill; Johns, Sara (April 1, 2018). "History of US Presidential Assaults on Modern Environmental Health Protection". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (S2): S95–S103. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2018.304396. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5922215. PMID 29698097.
- ^ Coley, Jonathan S.; Hess, David J. (2012). "Green energy laws and Republican legislators in the United States". Energy Policy. 48: 576–583. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2012.05.062. ISSN 0301-4215.
- ^ Turner, James Morton; Isenberg, Andrew C. (2018). "The Republican Reversal: Conservatives and the Environment from Nixon to Trump". Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on January 8, 2019.
- ^ Ringquist, Evan J.; Neshkova, Milena I.; Aamidor, Joseph (2013). "Campaign Promises, Democratic Governance, and Environmental Policy in the U.S. Congress". The Policy Studies Journal. 41 (2): 365–87. doi:10.1111/psj.12021.
- ^ Shipan, Charles R.; Lowry, William R. (June 2001). "Environmental Policy and Party Divergence in Congress". Political Research Quarterly. 54 (2): 245–63. doi:10.1177/106591290105400201. JSTOR 449156. S2CID 153575261.
- ^ "Schwarzenegger takes center stage on warming". NBC News. MSNBC News. September 27, 2006. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2014.
- ^ Text of Opinion
- ^ Bush, George W. (March 13, 2001). "Text of a Letter from the President". Archived from the original on July 22, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2007.
- ^ Schrope, Mark (April 5, 2001). "Criticism mounts as Bush backs out of Kyoto accord". Nature. 410 (6829): 616. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..616S. doi:10.1038/35070738. PMID 11287908.
- ^ "Our GOP: The Party of Opportunity". Archived from the original on August 21, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ John Collins Rudolf (December 6, 2010). "On Our Radar: Republicans Urge Opening of Arctic Refuge to Drilling". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Davenport, Coral (November 10, 2014). "Republicans Vow to Fight E.P.A. and Approve Keystone Pipeline". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ Levy, Gabrielle (February 24, 2015). "Obama Vetoes Keystone XL, Republicans Vow to Continue Fight". US News. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ "Keystone XL pipeline: Why is it so disputed?". BBC. November 6, 2015. Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
- ^ Matthews, Chris (May 12, 2014). "Hardball With Chris Matthews for May 12, 2014". Hardball With Chris Matthews. MSNBC. NBC news.
According to a survey by the Center for American Progress' Action Fund, more than 55 percent of congressional Republicans are climate change deniers. And it gets worse from there. They found that 77 percent of Republicans on the House Science Committee say they don't believe it in either. And that number balloons to an astounding 90 percent for all the party's leadership in Congress.
- ^ "Earth Talk: Still in denial about climate change". The Charleston Gazette. Charleston, West Virginia. December 22, 2014. p. 10.
... a recent survey by the non-profit Center for American Progress found that some 58 percent of Republicans in the U.S. Congress still "refuse to accept climate change. Meanwhile, still others acknowledge the existence of global warming but cling to the scientifically debunked notion that the cause is natural forces, not greenhouse gas pollution by humans.
- ^ Kliegman, Julie (May 18, 2014). "Jerry Brown says 'virtually no Republican' in Washington accepts climate change science". Tampa Bay Times. PolitiFact. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ McCarthy, Tom (November 17, 2014). "Meet the Republicans in Congress who don't believe climate change is real". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2017.
- ^ Davenport, Coral; Lipton, Eric (June 3, 2017). "How G.O.P. Leaders Came to View Climate Change as Fake Science". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 22, 2017.
The Republican Party's fast journey from debating how to combat human-caused climate change to arguing that it does not exist is a story of big political money, Democratic hubris in the Obama years and a partisan chasm that grew over nine years like a crack in the Antarctic shelf, favoring extreme positions and uncompromising rhetoric over cooperation and conciliation.
- ^ Weaver, Dustin (January 21, 2015). "Senate votes that climate change is real". TheHill. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2019.
- ^ Krugman, Paul. The Conscience of a Liberal. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2007. Print.
- ^ Oberlander, Jonathan (March 1, 2020). "The Ten Years' War: Politics, Partisanship, And The ACA". Health Affairs. 39 (3): 471–478. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2019.01444. ISSN 0278-2715. PMID 32119603. S2CID 211834684.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Skocpol, Theda; Lynch, Daniel (April 2016). "Business Associations, Conservative Networks, and the Ongoing Republican War over Medicaid Expansion". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 41 (2): 239–286. doi:10.1215/03616878-3476141. ISSN 0361-6878. PMID 26732316.
- ^ a b Hacker, Jacob S. (2010). "The Road to Somewhere: Why Health Reform Happened: Or Why Political Scientists Who Write about Public Policy Shouldn't Assume They Know How to Shape It". Perspectives on Politics. 8 (3): 861–876. doi:10.1017/S1537592710002021. ISSN 1541-0986. S2CID 144440604.
- ^ Chapin, Christy Ford, ed. (2015), "The Politics of Medicare, 1957–1965", Ensuring America's Health: The Public Creation of the Corporate Health Care System, Cambridge University Press, pp. 194–232, doi:10.1017/CBO9781107045347.008, ISBN 978-1-107-04488-3
- ^ Jacobson, Louis; Kennedy, Patrick (April 15, 2011). "PolitiFact - Peter DeFazio says "Medicare passed with virtually no Republican support"". Politifact. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Zeitz, Joshua. "How the GOP Turned Against Medicaid". POLITICO Magazine. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Cohn, Jonathan (February 23, 2021). The Ten Year War: Obamacare and the Unfinished Crusade for Universal Coverage. St. Martin's Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-250-27094-8.
- ^ Fordham, Benjamin O.; Flynn, Michael (2022). "Everything Old Is New Again: The Persistence of Republican Opposition to Multilateralism in American Foreign Policy". Studies in American Political Development: 1–18. doi:10.1017/S0898588X22000165. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 252292479.
- ^ "neoconservatism". Oxford Reference. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
- ^ Matthews, Dylan (May 6, 2016). "Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on June 23, 2022.
- ^ "Cruz: 'America Does Not Need Torture to Protect Ourselves'". December 3, 2015. Archived from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- ^ Erik Wasson (July 18, 2013). "House GOP unveils spending bill with $5.8B cut to foreign aid". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ David Rogers (February 1, 2011). "GOP seeks to slash foreign aid". Politico. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Mario Trujillo (July 1, 2014). "Republicans propose halting foreign aid until border surge stops". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (April 4, 2015). "G.O.P.'s Israel Support Deepens as Political Contributions Shift". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 8, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ "Republican Platform: American Exceptionalism". Republican National Committee. Archived from the original on June 23, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
- ^ O'Toole, Molly. "Report How Donald Trump and the GOP Dropped the Two-State Solution for Mideast Peace". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
- ^ "Republicans possibly ready to reject two-state solution, Trump advisor says". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
- ^ See "July 3, 2014 – Iraq – Getting In Was Wrong; Getting Out Was Right, U.S. Voters Tell Quinnipiac University National Poll" Quinnipiac University Poll Archived April 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine item #51
- ^ "Republican Platform 2016" (PDF). Retrieved July 20, 2016.
- ^ a b Zelizer, Julian E. (2004). The American Congress: The Building of Democracy. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 704–05. ISBN 978-0-547-34550-5. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ Williams, Daniel K. (2012). God's Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992906-1.
- ^ Schnabel, Landon Paul (2013). "When Fringe Goes Mainstream: A Sociohistorical Content Analysis of the Christian Coalition's Contract With The American Family and the Republican Party Platform". Politics, Religion & Ideology. 14 (1): 94–113. doi:10.1080/21567689.2012.752361. ISSN 2156-7689. S2CID 144532011.
- ^ R. Lewis, Andrew (2019). "The Inclusion-Moderation Thesis: The U.S. Republican Party and the Christian Right". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.665. ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7.
- ^ Chapman, Roger (2010). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. passim. ISBN 978-0-7656-2250-1. Archived from the original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
- ^ Alan Fram; Philip Elliot (August 29, 2012). "GOP OKs platform barring abortions, gay marriage". Finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ a b "How race and religion have polarized American voters". Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Gould, Eric D.; Klor, Esteban F. (2019). "Party hacks and true believers: The effect of party affiliation on political preferences". Journal of Comparative Economics. 47 (3): 504–24. doi:10.1016/j.jce.2019.03.004. S2CID 241140587.
- ^ "Bobby Jindal on the Issues". Ontheissues.org. Archived from the original on June 13, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
- ^ Kilgore, Ed. "The Near-Extinction of Pro-Choice Republicans in Congress". Daily Intelligencer. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
- ^ Levine, A. D.; Lacy, T. A.; Hearn, J. C. (February 18, 2013). "The origins of human embryonic stem cell research policies in the US states". Science and Public Policy. 40 (4): 544–558. doi:10.1093/scipol/sct005. ISSN 0302-3427.
- ^ Blendon, Robert J.; Kim, Minah Kang; Benson, John M. (November 17, 2011). "The Public, Political Parties, and Stem-Cell Research". New England Journal of Medicine. 365 (20): 1853–1856. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1110340. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 22087677.
- ^ "What is a stem cell". anthonynolan.org. Anthony Nolan. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
- ^ Newport, Frank (August 24, 2010). "Americans and Embryonic Stem Cell Research". gallup.com. Archived from the original on October 10, 2018.
- ^ Shapiro, Ben (June 10, 2020). "Ben Shapiro: "The only aspects of American life that are legally racist are legally racist on behalf of minority groups"". Media Matters. Archived from the original on May 2, 2022.
- ^ "Bush criticizes university 'quota system'". CNN. January 15, 2003. Archived from the original on June 4, 2010. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet (May 12, 1998). "Watts Walks a Tightrope on Affirmative Action". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved January 22, 2007.
- ^ Republican National Committee (July 30, 2015). "Republican Views On Affirmative Action". republicanviews.org. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022.
- ^ "Amid a Series of Mass Shootings in the U.S., Gun Policy Remains Deeply Divisive". PewResearch.org. April 20, 2021. Archived from the original on May 30, 2022.
- ^ "America's Complex Relationship With Guns". Pew Research Center. June 22, 2017.
- ^ Siegel, Reva B. "Dead or Alive: Originalism as Popular Constitutionalism in Heller." The Second Amendment on Trial: Critical Essays on District of Columbia v. Heller, edited by Saul Cornell and Nathan Kozuskanich, University of Massachusetts Press, 2013, p. 104.
- ^ Siddiqui, Sabrina (September 10, 2013). "Colorado Recall Results: Democratic State Senators Defeated In Major Victory For NRA". HuffPost.
- ^ "Letter of Resignation Sent By Bush to Rifle Association". The New York Times. May 11, 1995.
- ^ a b Tesler, Michael (April 20, 2022). "Why Do GOP Lawmakers Still Oppose Legalizing Weed?". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
- ^ "Republican Views on Drugs | Republican Views". www.republicanviews.org. Archived from the original on May 2, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
- ^ "House votes to decriminalize marijuana as GOP resists national shift". The Washington Post. 2020.
- ^ Kneeland, Timothy W. (July 1, 2016). Today's Social Issues: Democrats and Republicans: Democrats and Republicans. ABC-CLIO. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-61069-836-8.
- ^ Greg Newburn (July 18, 2014). "Top GOP Presidential Contenders Support Mandatory Minimum Reform". Families Against Mandatory Minimums. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Peters, Margaret (2017). Trading Barriers. Princeton University Press. pp. 154–55. ISBN 9780691174471. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018.
- ^ Blanton, Dana (November 8, 2006). "National Exit Poll: Midterms Come Down to Iraq, Bush". Fox News. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2007.
- ^ Frumin, Aliyah (November 25, 2013). "Obama: 'Long past time' for immigration reform". MSNBC. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
- ^ a b c Lindberg, Tim (August 2, 2022). "Congress is considering making same-sex marriage federal law – a political scientist explains how this issue became less polarized over time". Kansas Reflector. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
- ^ a b Igielnik, Ruth (November 16, 2022). "Backdrop for Vote on Same-Sex Marriage Rights: A Big Shift in Public Opinion". The New York Times. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
- ^ Staff (September 28, 2022). "Majority of Americans Believe Abortion and Same-Sex Marriage Should be Guaranteed Rights | Grinnell College". Grinnell College. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
Solid majorities across both parties agree that... marrying someone of the same sex...are rights that should be guaranteed to all citizens...
- ^ a b Potts, Monica (August 3, 2022). "What's Behind Senate Republicans' Hesitancy Toward Same-Sex Marriage?". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
- ^ a b Camera, Lauren (July 28, 2022). "Same-Sex Marriage Divides Elected Republicans From Their Supporters". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
- ^ Lopez, German (June 26, 2017). "Slowly but surely, Republicans are coming around to same-sex marriage". Vox. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
- ^ a b c Lerer, Lisa; Russonello, Giovanni; Paz, Isabella Grullón (June 17, 2020). "On L.G.B.T.Q. Rights, a Gulf Between Trump and Many Republican Voters". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
- ^ Li, Anne (March 9, 2016). "'Religious Liberty' Has Replaced 'Gay Marriage' In GOP Talking Points". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved August 13, 2022.
- ^ Dao, James (November 4, 2004). "Same-Sex Marriage Issue Key to Some G.O.P. Races". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 12, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
- ^ "Bush calls for ban on same-sex marriages". CNN. February 25, 2004. Archived from the original on May 15, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
- ^ "Bush urges federal marriage amendment". NBC News. June 6, 2006. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2016.
- ^ Stout, David (February 24, 2004). "Bush Backs Ban in Constitution on Gay Marriage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
- ^ Murray, Shailagh (June 8, 2006). "Gay Marriage Amendment Fails in Senate". The Washington Post and Times-Herald. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
- ^ "Constitutional Amendment on Marriage Fails". Fox News. March 25, 2015. Archived from the original on December 17, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2018.
- ^ "A Shifting Landscape" (PDF). Publicreligion.org. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 17, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ Amanda Terkel (May 5, 2014). "Majority Of State GOP Platforms Still Anti-Gay". HuffPost. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
- ^ "Read the Republican Platform on Hot-Button Issues". Time. Archived from the original on August 4, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
- ^ "The 2016 Republican Party Platform". GOP. July 18, 2016. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
- ^ Orr, Gabby. "Republicans across the spectrum slam RNC's decision to keep 2016 platform". Politico. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- ^ Kilgore, Ed (June 11, 2020). "Republicans Will Just Recycle Their 2016 Party Platform". Intelligencer. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- ^ Epstein, Reid J.; Karni, Annie (June 11, 2020). "G.O.P. Platform, Rolled Over From 2016, Condemns the 'Current President'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- ^ de Vogue, Ariane (November 14, 2016). "Trump: Same-sex marriage is 'settled,' but Roe v Wade can be changed". CNN. Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2019.
- ^ "Trump recognizes LGBTQ pride month in tweets". NBC News. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
- ^ Fadulu, Lola; Flanagan, Annie (December 6, 2019). "Trump's Rollback of Transgender Rights Extends Through Entire Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2020.
- ^ Schmalz, Jeffrey (August 20, 1992). "A Delicate Balance: The Gay Vote; Gay Rights and AIDS Emerging As Divisive Issues in Campaign". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019. Retrieved August 24, 2019.
- ^ Fisher, Marc (August 28, 2012). "GOP platform through the years shows party's shift from moderate to conservative". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 24, 2019.
- ^ Mellnik, Ted; Alcantara, Chris; Uhrmacher, Kevin (July 15, 2016). "What Republicans and Democrats have disagreed on, from 1856 to today". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 14, 2017.
- ^ "Republican Party Platforms: Republican Party Platform of 1992". Presidency.ucsb.edu. August 17, 1992. Archived from the original on February 4, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Layout 1" (PDF). Gop.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2014. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Republican Party Platforms: 2008 Republican Party Platform". Presidency.ucsb.edu. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Republican Party Platform". GOP. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ "Republican Platform 2016" (PDF). GOP.com. 2016.
- ^ Singman, Brooke (November 8, 2021). "RNC announces 'Pride Coalition,' partnership with Log Cabin Republicans ahead of midterms". Fox News. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
- ^ "GOP Chairwoman Ronna McDaniel apologizes for poor communication regarding gay outreach". Metro Weekly. November 17, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
- ^ "About Us". Log Cabin Republicans. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
- ^ "Four in Five Americans Support Voter ID Laws, Early Voting". Gallup.com. August 22, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Rakich, Nathaniel (April 2, 2021). "Americans Oppose Many Voting Restrictions — But Not Voter ID Laws". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Matt Vasilogambros (February 5, 2021). "Republicans Target Ballot Access After Record Turnout". Stateline. Pew Trusts.
- ^ Bump, Philip (October 13, 2014). "The disconnect between voter ID laws and voter fraud". The Fix. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2016.
- ^ Levitt, Justin (August 6, 2014). "A comprehensive investigation of voter impersonation finds 31 credible incidents out of one billion ballots cast". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Hakim, Danny; Wines, Michael (November 3, 2018). "'They Don't Really Want Us to Vote': How Republicans Made it Harder". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 4, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2018.
- ^ a b "The big conservative lie on 'voter fraud'". The Week. October 23, 2018. Archived from the original on December 28, 2018. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
- ^ Hakim, Danny; Wines, Michael (November 3, 2018). "'They Don't Really Want Us to Vote': How Republicans Made It Harder". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Mali, Meghashyam (July 19, 2016). "GOP platform calls for tough voter ID laws". TheHill. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Wines, Michael (February 27, 2021). "In Statehouses, Stolen-Election Myth Fuels a G.O.P. Drive to Rewrite Rules". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021.
- ^ Kelly Mena (February 2, 2021). "More than 100 bills that would restrict voting are moving through state legislatures". CNN. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ Gardner, Amy (March 26, 2021). "After Trump tried to intervene in the 2020 vote, state Republicans are moving to take more control of elections". The Washington Post.
- ^ "State Voting Bills Tracker 2021". Brennan Center for Justice. February 24, 2021. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022.
- ^ Corisaniti, Nick; Epstein, Reid J. (March 23, 2021). "G.O.P. and Allies Draft 'Best Practices' for Restricting Voting". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022.
- ^ Corasaniti, Nick (March 24, 2021). "Republicans Aim to Seize More Power Over How Elections Are Run". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022.
- ^ Gardner, Amy (March 26, 2021). "After Trump tried to intervene in the 2020 vote, state Republicans are moving to take more control of elections". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 14, 2022.
- ^ Kalmbacher, Colin (May 26, 2021). "Arizona GOP Bill Would Allow GOP-Controlled State Legislature to Strip Key Election Powers from Democratic Secretary of State". Law & Crime.
- ^ Gardner, Amy (May 29, 2021). "Texas Republicans finalize bill that would enact stiff new voting restrictions and make it easier to overturn election results". The Washington Post.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico (December 9, 2020). "Poll: Just A Quarter Of Republicans Accept Election Outcome". NPR. Archived from the original on June 11, 2022. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
- ^ "December 10, 2020 - 60% View Joe Biden's 2020 Presidential Victory As Legitimate, Quinnipiac University National Poll Finds; 77% Of Republicans Believe There Was Widespread Voter Fraud". Quinnipiac University. December 10, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Inskeep, Steve (February 28, 2021). "Why Republicans Are Moving To Fix Elections That Weren't Broken". NPR.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Steinhauser, Paul (February 17, 2021). "Republican Party launching new election integrity committee". Fox News.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Montellaro, Zach (January 24, 2021). "State Republicans push new voting restrictions after Trump's loss". Politico.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Glasberg, Davita; Armaline, William; Purkayastha, Bandana (January 1, 2022). "I Exist, Therefore I Should Vote: Political Human Rights, Voter Suppression and Undermining Democracy in the U.S." Societies Without Borders. 16 (1): 20–47. ISSN 1872-1915.
- ^ Hardy, Lydia (May 1, 2020). "Voter Suppression Post-Shelby: Impacts and Issues of Voter Purge and Voter ID Laws". Mercer Law Review. 71 (3). ISSN 0025-987X.
- ^ Brewster, Adam; Huey-Burns, Caitlin (February 25, 2021). "Proposals to restrict voting gain traction in Republican states". CBS News.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Glaser, James (1998). "Race, Campaign Politics, and the Realignment in the South". Yale University Press. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- ^ Bullock, Charles S.; Hoffman, Donna R.; Gaddie, Ronald Keith (2006). "Regional Variations in the Realignment of American Politics, 1944–2004". Social Science Quarterly. 87 (3): 494–518. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2006.00393.x. ISSN 0038-4941.
The events of 1964 laid open the divisions between the South and national Democrats and elicited distinctly different voter behavior in the two regions. The agitation for civil rights by southern blacks, continued white violence toward the civil rights movement, and President Lyndon Johnson's aggressive leadership all facilitated passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. ... In the South, 1964 should be associated with GOP growth while in the northeast this election contributed to the eradication of Republicans.
- ^ Gaddie, Ronald Keith (2012). "Realignment". The Oxford Handbook of Southern Politics. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195381948.013.0013. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- ^ Stanley, Harold W. (1988). "Southern Partisan Changes: Dealignment, Realignment or Both?". The Journal of Politics. 50 (1): 64–88. doi:10.2307/2131041. ISSN 0022-3816. JSTOR 2131041. S2CID 154860857.
Events surrounding the presidential election of 1964 marked a watershed in terms of the parties and the South (Pomper, 1972). The Solid South was built around the identification of the Democratic party with the cause of white supremacy. Events before 1964 gave white southerners pause about the linkage between the Democratic party and white supremacy, but the 1964 election, passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 altered in the minds of most the positions of the national parties on racial issues.
- ^ Miller, Gary; Schofield, Norman (2008). "The Transformation of the Republican and Democratic Party Coalitions in the U.S.". Perspectives on Politics. 6 (3): 433–50. doi:10.1017/S1537592708081218. ISSN 1541-0986. S2CID 145321253.
1964 was the last presidential election in which the Democrats earned more than 50 percent of the white vote in the United States.
- ^ Black, Earl; Black, Merle (2003). "The Rise of Southern Republicans". Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
When the Republican party nominated Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater—one of the few northern senators who had opposed the Civil Rights Act—as their presidential candidate in 1964, the party attracted many racist southern whites but permanently alienated African-American voters. Beginning with the Goldwater-versus-Johnson campaign more southern whites voted Republican than Democratic, a pattern that has recurred in every subsequent presidential election. ... Before the 1964 presidential election the Republican party had not carried any Deep South state for eighty-eight years. Yet shortly after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, hundreds of Deep South counties gave Barry Goldwater landslide majorities.
- ^ a b Carmines, Edward; Stimson, James (1990). Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-02331-1. Archived from the original on May 16, 2018. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Gary; Schofield, Norman (2003). "Activists and Partisan Realignment in the United States". American Political Science Review. 97 (2): 245–60. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000650. ISSN 1537-5943. S2CID 12885628.
By 2000, however, the New Deal party alignment no longer captured patterns of partisan voting. In the intervening 40 years, the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts had triggered an increasingly race-driven distinction between the parties. ... Goldwater won the electoral votes of five states of the Deep South in 1964, four of them states that had voted Democratic for 84 years (Califano 1991, 55). He forged a new identification of the Republican party with racial conservatism, reversing a century-long association of the GOP with racial liberalism. This in turn opened the door for Nixon's "Southern strategy" and the Reagan victories of the eighties.
- ^ Valentino, Nicholas A.; Sears, David O. (2005). "Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South". American Journal of Political Science. 49 (3): 672–88. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00136.x. ISSN 0092-5853.
- ^ Ilyana, Kuziemko; Ebonya, Washington (2018). "Why Did the Democrats Lose the South? Bringing New Data to an Old Debate". American Economic Review. 108 (10): 2830–67. doi:10.1257/aer.20161413. ISSN 0002-8282.
- ^ a b Julian E. Zelizer (2012). Governing America: The Revival of Political History. Princeton University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-4008-4189-9.
younger Southern historians such as Matthew Lassiter, Kevin Kruse, and Joseph Crespino objected to claims about Southern Exceptionalism while agreeing on the centrality of a racial backlash
- ^ Lassiter, Matthew; Kruse, Kevin (August 2009). "The Bulldozer Revolution: Suburbs and Southern History since World War II". The Journal of Southern History. 75 (3): 691–706. JSTOR 27779033.
- ^ Alexander, Gerard (March 20, 2004). "The Myth of the Racist Republicans". The Claremont Review of Books. 4 (2). Retrieved March 25, 2015.
- ^ Lassiter, Matthew D. (2006). The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. Princeton University Press. pp. 4–7. ISBN 978-1-4008-4942-0.
- ^ Feldman, Glenn (2011). Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why and How the South Became Republican. University Press of Florida. pp. 16, 80.
- ^ Matthew D. Lassiter; Joseph Crespino (2010). The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism. Oxford University Press. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-0-19-538474-1.
- ^ Kevin Michael Kruse (2005). White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09260-7.
- ^ Barone, Michael (August 26, 2012). "The Evolution of the Republican Party Voter". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Gallup, Inc. (July 2, 2015). "Democrats Regain Edge in Party Affiliation". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
- ^ Drutman, Lee (September 22, 2016). "Opinion – The Divided States of America". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ McGreal, Chris (November 11, 2018). "Can Democrats ever win back white, rural America?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ a b Glassman, Matt (2018). "Republicans in Wisconsin and Michigan want to weaken incoming Democratic governors. Here's what's the usual partisan politics – and what isn't". Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018.
- ^ Beauchamp, Zack (December 6, 2018). "The Wisconsin power grab is part of a bigger Republican attack on democracy". Vox. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ Ginsburg, Tom; Huq, Aziz (2019). How to Save a Constitutional Democracy. University of Chicago Press. pp. 126–27. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
- ^ Mason, Lililana (2018). Uncivil Agreement. University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
- ^ Rosenfeld, Sam (2017). The Polarizers. University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on November 15, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ Theriault, Sean M. (2013). The Gingrich Senators: The Roots of Partisan Warfare in Congress. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-930745-6. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ Mann, Thomas; Ornstein, Norman (2016). It's Even Worse Than It Looks. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465096206. Archived from the original on October 6, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ a b c "How Democracies Die". PenguinRandomhouse.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved October 6, 2018.
- ^ Levitsky, Steven; Ziblatt, Daniel. "How a Democracy Dies". The New Republic. Archived from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
- ^ "'How Democracies Die' Authors Say Trump Is A Symptom Of 'Deeper Problems'". NPR.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
- ^ "The rising pressures on American democracy". Harvard Gazette. January 29, 2018. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
- ^ Smith, Steven (2014). The Senate Syndrome: The Evolution of Procedural Warfare in the Modern U.S. Senate. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 287.
- ^ Hacker, Jacob; Pierson, Paul (2017). American Amnesia. ISBN 978-1-4516-6783-7. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ a b Joseph Fishkin & David E. Pozen. "Asymmetrical Constitutional Hardball". Columbia Law Review. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
- ^ Cooper, Helene (July 21, 2010). "Obama Signs Overhaul of Financial System". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 29, 2019.
- ^ Koger, Gregory (2016). Party and Procedure in the United States Congress, Second Edition. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 223. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ a b Schickler, Eric; Wawro, Gregory J. (January 3, 2011). "What the Filibuster Tells Us About the Senate". The Forum. 9 (4). doi:10.2202/1540-8884.1483. ISSN 1540-8884. S2CID 144114653.
- ^ The Trump Presidency: Outsider in the Oval Office. Rowman & Littlefield. 2017. p. 71. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ Handelsman Shugerman, Jed. "Constitutional Hardball vs. Beanball: Identifying Fundamentally Antidemocratic Tactics". Columbia Law Review. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
- ^ The Obama Presidency and the Politics of Change. pp. 55, 62. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
- ^ Mounk, Yascha (2018). "The People vs. Democracy". www.hup.harvard.edu. Harvard University Press. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018.
- ^ Sanger, David E. (November 20, 2020). "Trump's Attempts to Overturn the Election Are Unparalleled in U.S. History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ Annie Grayer; Jeremy Herb; Kevin Liptak (November 19, 2020). "Trump courts Michigan GOP leaders in bid to overturn election he lost". CNN. Retrieved November 20, 2020.
- ^ "I've hesitated to call Donald Trump a fascist. Until now | Opinion". Newsweek. January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ Clairmont, Nicholas (October 25, 2016). "Donald Trump Is an Incompetent Fascist – The Atlantic". www.theatlantic.com. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ "Capitol siege: Trump's words 'directly led' to violence, Patel says". BBC News. January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ Analysis by John Harwood. "Analysis: White evangelicals' dominance of the GOP has turned it into the party of resistance". CNN.
- ^ "A 'Scary' Survey Finding: 4 In 10 Republicans Say Political Violence May Be Necessary". NPR.org.
- ^ "After the ballots are counted: Conspiracies, political violence, and American exceptionalism".
- ^ Gidron, Noam; Ziblatt, Daniel (May 11, 2019). "Center-Right Political Parties in Advanced Democracies". Annual Review of Political Science. 22 (1): 17–35. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750. ISSN 1094-2939. S2CID 182421002. Archived from the original on February 26, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Grossman, Matt; Hopkins, David A. (2016). Asymmetric Politics: Ideological Republicans and Group Interest Democrats. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190626594.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-062659-4.
- ^ Lelkes, Yphtach; Sniderman, Paul M. (2016). "The Ideological Asymmetry of the American Party System". British Journal of Political Science. 46 (4): 825–844. doi:10.1017/S0007123414000404. ISSN 0007-1234.
- ^ "Conservative Lead in U.S. Ideology Is Down to Single Digits". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
- ^ a b "Americans Remain More Liberal Socially than Economically". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
- ^ Paul Gottfried, Conservatism in America: Making Sense of the American Right, p. 9, "Postwar conservatives set about creating their own synthesis of free-market capitalism, Christian morality, and the global struggle against Communism." (2009); Gottfried, Theologies and moral concern (1995) p. 12.
- ^ Schneider, Gregory (2003). Conservatism in America Since 1930: A Reader. NYU Press. p. 387.
- ^ Becker, Bernie. "Social conservatives win on GOP platform". Politico. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- ^ s. "Republican Party". History. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
- ^ "Conservative Lead in U.S. Ideology Is Down to Single Digits". Gallup.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved August 6, 2018.
- ^ Manchester, Julia (September 28, 2017). "Limbaugh: GOP establishment 'can't afford' to have Trump succeed with agenda". TheHill. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
- ^ Benac, Nancy. "Trail Translator: Going after 'The Establishment'". AP NEWS. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "Beyond Red vs. Blue: The Political Typology" Archived June 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, June 26, 2014.
- ^ Matthews, Dylan (September 8, 2017). "A stunning new study shows that Fox News is more powerful than we ever imagined". Vox. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
- ^ Rosenwald, Brian (June 17, 2014). "The Talk Radio Effect". Politico. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
- ^ Robert E. Gutsche Jr. (2018). The Trump Presidency, Journalism, and Democracy. Taylor & Francis. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-351-39201-3.
- ^ Kenneth J. Heineman, The Rise of Contemporary Conservatism in the United States (2019) pp. 123–26.
- ^ Schwartz, Jason (November 21, 2017). "Fox adds another pro-Trump host". Politico. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ Schwartz, Jason (December 21, 2018). "Rush Limbaugh roars back". Politico. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ Samuelsohn, Darren (July 20, 2016). "The old cassettes that explain Mike Pence". Politico. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ Fried, pp. 104–05, 125.
- ^ Harrison, J. D. (August 30, 2012). "Small business a common theme at Republican Convention". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on March 28, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ "Economy and Politics >Politics and Government. Party identification in the United States in 2022, by generation". Statista. 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Exit Polls". CNN. November 7, 2006. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
- ^ "The Generation Gap in American Politics". Pew Research Center. March 1, 2018.
- ^ "Party Affiliation and Composition". Pew Research Center. May 21, 2009. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
- ^ "Election Results – 2012 Election Center". CNN. Archived from the original on December 26, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Unmarried Women in the 2004 Presidential Election" Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Report by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, January 2005. p. 3: "The marriage gap is one of the most important cleavages in electoral politics. Unmarried women voted for Kerry by a 25-point margin (62 to 37 percent), while married women voted for President Bush by an 11-point margin (55 percent to 44 percent). Indeed, the 25-point margin Kerry posted among unmarried women represented one of the high water marks for the Senator among all demographic groups."
- ^ "Exit Poll Analysis: Vote 2010 Elections Results". ABC News. November 2, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ Weeks, Linton (November 3, 2010). "10 Takeaways From The 2010 Midterms". NPR. Archived from the original on February 3, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ "Republicans should worry that unmarried women shun them". The Economist. December 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
- ^ Meg T. McDonnell (December 3, 2012). "The Marriage Gap in the Women's Vote". Crisis Magazine. Archived from the original on October 31, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Suzanne Goldenberg (November 9, 2012). "Single women voted overwhelmingly in favour of Obama, researchers find". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2014.
- ^ Junn, Jane; Masuoka, Natalie (2020). "The Gender Gap Is a Race Gap: Women Voters in US Presidential Elections". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (4): 1135–1145. doi:10.1017/S1537592719003876. ISSN 1537-5927.
- ^ "Detailed Party Identification Tables" (PDF). Pew Research Center for the People & the Press. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 30, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- ^ Hendrickson, William A. Galston and Clara (November 18, 2016). "The educational rift in the 2016 election". Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
- ^ In the South, they were often not allowed to vote, but still received some Federal patronage appointments from the Republicans
- ^ Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffery A. (2020). "Whiteness and the Emergence of the Republican Party in the Early Twentieth-Century South". Studies in American Political Development. 34: 71–90. doi:10.1017/S0898588X19000208. ISSN 0898-588X. S2CID 213551748.
- ^ "Party Realignment – US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 24, 2020.
- ^ Harvard Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks (1978).
- ^ L. A. Holmes (April 7, 2010). "Black Republicans Win First Congress Seats Since 2003". FoxNews.com. Archived from the original on November 4, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ "Exit Polls". CNN. November 2, 2004. Archived from the original on April 21, 2006. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
- ^ "Americas | Profile: Bobby Jindal". BBC News. February 25, 2009. Archived from the original on November 2, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
- ^ "Bobby Jindal may become first Indian-American to be US prez". Deccan Herald. October 23, 2009. Archived from the original on April 20, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2010.
- ^ John Avlon (January 18, 2013). "GOP's surprising edge on diversity". CNN. Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
- ^ Tom Scocca, "Eighty-Eight Percent of Romney Voters Were White", Slate November 7, 2012 Archived July 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Dissecting the 2008 Electorate: Most Diverse in U.S. History" Archived June 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Pew Research Center. April 30, 2009.
- ^ "The Latino Vote in the 2010 Elections". Pew Research Center. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on February 5, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ "The Republican Party is (Probably) Not Doomed". September 10, 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
- ^ Bacon, Perry Jr. (April 20, 2018). "Republicans And Democrats Should Be Worried About 2020". Fivethirtyeight. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ^ Nuccitelli, Dana (July 2, 2018). "Republicans try to save their deteriorating party with another push for a carbon tax". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ^ al-Gharbi, Musa. "The Democratic Party is facing a demographic crisis". The Conversation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
- ^ Brownstein, Ronald (May 31, 2017). "Why Voter Demographics in U.S. Elections Matter Now More Than Ever". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on September 20, 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2018.
- ^ Hammer, Josh (November 5, 2020). "Despite 'racist' charges, Trump did better with minorities than any GOP candidate in 60 years".
- ^ "US election 2020: Why Trump gained support among minorities". www.bbc.com. November 22, 2020.
- ^ To some extent the United States Supreme Court decision Roe v. Wade caused American Christians to blur their historical division along the line between Catholics and Protestants and instead to realign as conservatives or liberals, irrespective of the Reformation Era distinction.
- ^ "Religion in the 2010 Elections". Pew Research Center. November 3, 2010. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
- ^ Grover Norquist (2008). Leave Us Alone: Getting the Government's Hands Off Our Money, Our Guns, Our Lives. HarperCollins. pp. 146–49. ISBN 978-0-06-113395-4. The Democratic Obama administration's support for requiring institutions related to the Roman Catholic Church to cover birth control and abortion in employee health insurance has further moved traditionalist Catholics toward the Republicans.
- ^ Conroy, J. Oliver (February 15, 2018). "Mormons want to save the Republican party's soul. But is it too late?". The Guardian. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Fingerhut, Hannah; McCombs, Brady (November 29, 2018). "Most Mormons voted Republican in the midterms—but their Trump approval rating continues to decline, study finds". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
- ^ Lee (June 18, 2015). "Pope hands GOP climate change dilemma". CNN. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
- ^ Thomas Reese, "A readers' guide to 'Laudato Si'" Archived June 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, National Catholic Register, June 26, 2015.
- ^ Davenport, Caral (June 16, 2015). "Pope's Views on Climate Change Add Pressure to Catholic Candidates". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2017.
- ^ Brian Fraga (June 26, 2015). "Political Role Reversal: Democrats Praise Encyclical, While GOP Remains Cautious". Ncregister.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- ^ "Catholics Divided Over Global Warming". Pew Research. June 16, 2015. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved July 6, 2015.
- ^ "'I think it's Israel': How Orthodox Jews became Republicans". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. February 3, 2020.
- ^ |url=https://www.jta.org/2021/05/11/united-states/new-pew-study-shows-75-of-orthodox-jews-identify-as-republicans-up-from-57-in-2013
- ^ NPR Staff (November 3, 2020). "Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey". NPR. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- ^ Comparing seats held immediately preceding and following the general election.
- ^ Vice President Dick Cheney provided tie breaking vote, initially giving Republicans a majority from Inauguration Day until Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party to caucus with the Democrats on June 6, 2001.
Further reading
- The Almanac of American Politics 2022 (2022) details on members of Congress, and the governors: their records and election results; also state and district politics; revised every two years since 1975. details; see The Almanac of American Politics
- American National Biography (20 volumes, 1999) covers all politicians no longer alive; online at many academic libraries and at Wikipedia Library.
- Aberbach, Joel D., ed. and Peele, Gillian, ed. Crisis of Conservatism?: The Republican Party, the Conservative Movement, and American Politics after Bush (Oxford UP, 2011). 403pp
- Aistrup, Joseph A. The Southern Strategy Revisited: Republican Top-Down Advancement in the South (1996).
- Black, Earl and Merle Black. The Rise of Southern Republicans (2002).
- Bowen, Michael, The Roots of Modern Conservatism: Dewey, Taft, and the Battle for the Soul of the Republican Party. (U of North Carolina Press, 2011). xii, 254pp.
- Brennan, Mary C. Turning Right in the Sixties: The Conservative Capture of the GOP (1995).
- Conger, Kimberly H. The Christian Right in Republican State Politics (2010) 202 pages; focuses on Arizona, Indiana, and Missouri.
- Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Books on Politics (2004) covers all the major issues explaining the parties' positions.
- Critchlow, Donald T. The Conservative Ascendancy: How the Republican Right Rose to Power in Modern America (2nd ed. 2011).
- Ehrman, John, The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan (2005).
- Fauntroy, Michael K. Republicans and the Black vote (2007).
- Fried, J (2008). Democrats and Republicans – Rhetoric and Reality. New York: Algora Publishing.
- Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas? How Conservatives Won the Heart of America (2005).
- Frum, David. What's Right: The New Conservative Majority and the Remaking of America (1996).
- Gould, Lewis (2003). Grand Old Party: A History of the Republicans. ISBN 0-375-50741-8.
- Hemmer, Nicole. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)
- Jensen, Richard (1983). Grass Roots Politics: Parties, Issues, and Voters, 1854–1983. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-6382-X.
- Judis, John B. and Ruy Teixeira. The Emerging Democratic Majority (2004), two Democrats project social trends.
- Kabaservice, Geoffrey. Rule and Ruin: The Downfall of Moderation and the Destruction of the Republican Party, From Eisenhower to the Tea Party (2012) scholarly history ISBN 978-0199768400.
- Kleppner, Paul, et al. The Evolution of American Electoral Systems (1983), applies party systems model.
- Kurian, George Thomas ed. The Encyclopedia of the Republican Party (4 vol., 2002).
- Lamis, Alexander P. ed. Southern Politics in the 1990s (1999).
- Levendusky, Matthew. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became Republicans (2009). Chicago Studies in American Politics.
- Mason, Robert. The Republican Party and American Politics from Hoover to Reagan (2011).
- Mason, Robert and Morgan, Iwan (eds.) Seeking a New Majority: The Republican Party and American Politics, 1960–1980. (2013) Nashville, TN. Vanderbilt University Press. 2013.
- Mayer, George H. The Republican Party, 1854–1966. 2d ed. (1967).
- McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-503863-7.
- Oakes, James. The Crooked Path to Abolition: Abraham Lincoln and the Antislavery Constitution (W.W. Norton, 2021).
- Oakes, James. Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (W. W. Norton, 2012)
- Perlstein, Rick. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (2002), broad account of 1964.
- Perlstein, Rick. Nixonland: The Rise of a President and the Fracturing of America (2009).
- Reinhard, David W. The Republican Right since 1945 (1983).
- Rutland, Robert Allen. The Republicans: From Lincoln to Bush (1996).
- Sabato, Larry J. Divided States of America: The Slash and Burn Politics of the 2004 Presidential Election (2005).
- Sabato, Larry J. and Bruce Larson. The Party's Just Begun: Shaping Political Parties for America's Future (2001), textbook.
- Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Jr. ed. History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2000 (various multivolume editions, latest is 2001). Essays on the most important election are reprinted in Schlesinger, The Coming to Power: Critical presidential elections in American history (1972).
- Shafer, Byron E. and Anthony J. Badger, eds. Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (2001), long essays by specialists on each time period:
- includes: "To One or Another of These Parties Every Man Belongs": 1820–1865 by Joel H. Silbey; "Change and Continuity in the Party Period: 1835–1885" by Michael F. Holt; "The Transformation of American Politics: 1865–1910" by Peter H. Argersinger; "Democracy, Republicanism, and Efficiency: 1885–1930" by Richard Jensen; "The Limits of Federal Power and Social Policy: 1910–1955" by Anthony J. Badger; "The Rise of Rights and Rights Consciousness: 1930–1980" by James T. Patterson; and "Economic Growth, Issue Evolution, and Divided Government: 1955–2000" by Byron E. Shafer.
- Shafer, Byron and Richard Johnston. The End of Southern Exceptionalism (2006), uses statistical election data and polls to argue GOP growth was primarily a response to economic change.
- Steely, Mel. The Gentleman from Georgia: The Biography of Newt Gingrich Mercer University Press, 2000. ISBN 0865546711.
- Sundquist, James L. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States (1983).
- Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004).
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Data from Wikidata
- Official website
- Senate Republican Conference
- House Republican Conference
- National Republican Senatorial Committee
- National Republican Congressional Committee
- Republican Governors Association
- Republican State Leadership Committee
- National Black Republican Association
- Young Republican National Federation Archived September 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
- Asian American Republicans Archived December 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- College Republican National Committee
- 2016 National Platform Archived August 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
| General | |
|---|---|
| National libraries | |
| Other | |
- Republican Party (United States)
- 1854 establishments in Wisconsin
- Political parties established in 1854
- Conservative parties in the United States
- International Democrat Union member parties
- Political parties in the United States
- Social conservative parties
- Republicanism in the United States
- Reconstruction Era
- American Civil War political groups
- Politics of the American Civil War
- American abolitionist organizations
- Anti-abortion organizations in the United States