Artemis 1

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Artemis 1
NASA Artemis 1 Launch.jpg
The SLS rocket launches Artemis 1 from Kennedy Space Center's LC-39B
Names
  • Artemis I (official)
  • Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) (former)
Mission typeUncrewed lunar orbital test flight
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID2022-156A
SATCAT no.54257
Websitewww.nasa.gov/artemis-1
Mission duration
  • 25 days, 11 hours, 36 minutes (planned)[1][2]
  • 5 days, 9 hours and 3 minutes (in progress)
Distance travelled1.3 million miles (2.1 million kilometers)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-002
Spacecraft typeOrion MPCV
Manufacturer
Start of mission
Launch date16 November 2022, 06:47:44 UTC[3]
RocketSpace Launch System Block 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
End of mission
Recovered byUSS Portland (planned)[5]
Landing date11 December 2022 18:06 UTC (10:06 am PST)[2]
Landing sitePacific Ocean off San Diego[4]
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
RegimeDistant retrograde orbit
Period14 days
Orion spacecraft orbiter
Exploration Mission-1 patch.png
Artemis 1 mission patch  

Artemis 1, officially Artemis I,[6] is an ongoing uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission and the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program. It is the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System rocket.[note 1] Artemis 1 was successfully launched from Kennedy Space Center on 16 November 2022 at 01:47:44 EST (06:47:44 UTC).[7][2][8][9] Its main objective is to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield,[10] in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions will seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.[11]

Formerly known as Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1),[12] the mission was given its current name following the creation of the Artemis program. The mission lifted off from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center aboard the Space Launch System rocket. The Orion spacecraft has been launched on a mission of 25 days[13]. After reaching Earth orbit and performing a trans-lunar injection (burn to the Moon), the mission deployed ten CubeSat satellites. The Orion spacecraft has completed one flyby of the Moon, on 21 November, and will enter a distant retrograde orbit for six days with a planned second flyby on 25 November.[14] The Orion spacecraft will then return and reenter the Earth's atmosphere with the protection of its heat shield and splash down in the Pacific Ocean. The mission aims to certify Orion and the Space Launch System for crewed flights beginning with Artemis 2.[15] After the Artemis 1 mission, Artemis 2 is scheduled to perform a crewed lunar flyby and Artemis 3 a crewed lunar landing, five decades after the last lunar Apollo mission.

The Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1 was stacked on 20 October 2021,[16] marking the first time a super-heavy-lift vehicle has been stacked inside NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) since the final Saturn V in 1973. On 17 August 2022, the fully stacked vehicle was rolled out for launch after a series of delays caused by difficulties in pre-flight testing. The first two launch attempts were canceled due to a faulty engine temperature reading on 29 August 2022 and a hydrogen leak during fueling on 3 September 2022, respectively.[17]

Mission profile[edit]

See also: Orion (spacecraft) and Space Launch System
Summary of the Artemis I mission

Artemis 1 was launched on the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System.[18] The Block 1 vehicle consists of a core stage, two five-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs) and an upper stage. The core stage uses four RS-25D engines, all of which have previously flown on Space Shuttle missions. The core and boosters together produce 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lbf), or about 4,000 metric tons of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), is based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage and is powered by a single RL10B-2 engine on the Artemis 1 mission.[19]

Once in orbit, the ICPS fired its engine to perform a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, which placed the Orion spacecraft and ten CubeSats on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion then separated from the ICPS and continued its coast into lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter deployed ten CubeSats that will conduct scientific research and perform technology demonstrations.[20]

The Orion spacecraft will spend approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) around the Moon.[21] It will come within approximatly 150 km (80 nmi) of the Lunar surface (closest approach)[22] and its maximum distance from Earth will be 480,494 km (298,565 mi).[1]

Block 1 variant of SLS rocket
Mission timeline[1]
Time (UTC) Event
Nov 16 6:47:44 Liftoff
6:49:56 Solid rocket booster separation
6:50:55 Service module fairing jettisoned
6:51:00 Launch abort system jettisoned
6:55:47 Core stage main engine cutoff
6:55:59 Core stage and ICPS separation
7:05:53 – 7:17:53 Orion solar array deployment
7:40:40 – 7:41:02 Perigee raise maneuver
8:17:11 – 8:35:11 Trans-Lunar injection burn
8:45:20 Orion/ICPS separation
8:46:42 Upper-stage separation burn
10:09:20 ICPS disposal burn
14:35:15 First trajectory correction burn
Nov 17–20 Outbound coasting phase
Nov 21 12:44 Lunar outbound powered flyby[22]
Nov 21–24 Transit to distant retrograde orbit (DRO)
Nov 25–30 In DRO
Dec 1 21:53 DRO departure burn
Dec 1–4 Exiting DRO
Dec 5 16:43 Return powered flyby
Dec 5–11 Return transit
Dec 11 18:06 Entry and splashdown

Mission profile animation[edit]

Animation of Artemis I
Earth-centered inertial reference frame.
Earth-centered frame rotating with Moon
  Earth ·   Artemis I ·   Moon

Background[edit]

Early illustration of the SLS launch, December 2011

Artemis 1 was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, at which point it was set to launch in 2017[23][note 2] as the first planned flight of the Space Launch System and the second uncrewed test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. The initial plans for EM-1 called for a circumlunar trajectory during a seven-day mission.[25][26]

In January 2013 it was announced that the Orion spacecraft's service module was to be built by the European Space Agency and named the European Service Module.[27] In mid-November 2014 construction of the SLS core stage began at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF).[28] In January 2015 NASA and Lockheed Martin announced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis 1 would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (EFT-1). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number of welds from 19 to 7[29] and saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis 1, the Orion spacecraft will be outfitted with a complete life support system and crew seats but will be left uncrewed.[30]

Originally, the SLS version used on the first, second, and third missions was intended to use the SLS's Exploration Upper Stage; however, due to delays in developing the stage, NASA decided to switch from Block 1B to the less powerful Block 1 SLS for these three missions. The Exploration Upper Stage will be used instead from SLS's fourth mission onwards. In February 2017, NASA began investigating the feasibility of a crewed launch as the first SLS flight.[18] It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.[31] However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal, claiming cost as the primary issue, and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.[32]

In March 2019, then-NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule.[33][34] The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit, and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.[35] The idea was eventually scrapped.[36] One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion will not carry a docking mechanism until Artemis 3.[37] The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.[38]

Ground testing[edit]

First static fire attempt of the core stage performed on 16 January 2021

The core stage for Artemis 1, built at Michoud Assembly Facility by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019[39] and was declared finished one month later.[40] The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at Stennis Space Center, consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:[41]

  1. Modal testing (vibration tests)
  2. Avionics (electronic systems)
  3. Fail-safe systems
  4. Propulsion (without firing of the engines)
  5. Thrust vector control system (moving and rotating engines)
  6. Launch countdown simulation
  7. Wet dress rehearsal, with propellant
  8. Static fire of the engines for eight minutes

The first test was performed in January 2020,[41][42] and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On 16 January 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engines shut down after running for one minute.[43] This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below the limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.[44] The static fire test was performed again on 18 March 2021, this time achieving a full-duration eight minute burn.[45] The core subsequently departed the Stennis Space Center on 24 April 2021, on route to the Kennedy Space Center.[46]

Assembly[edit]

SLS with the Orion capsule in the Vehicle Assembly Building, March 2022

The Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage was the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.[47] Three years later, all of the SLS's solid rocket booster segments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on 12 June 2020,[48] and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered by barge one month later on 29 July 2020.[49] The assembly of the SLS took place at the Vehicle Assembly Building's High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments on 23 November 2020.[50] Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on 7 January 2021,[51] and the boosters' stacking was completed by 2 March 2021.[52]

The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on the Pegasus barge on 27 April 2021 after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on 29 April 2021.[53] The stage was then stacked with its boosters on 12 June 2021. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on 22 June 2021. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on 6 July 2021. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on 8 October 2021.[54]

The Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility on 16 January 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).[55][56] On 20 October 2021, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis 1 vehicle in High Bay-3.[57] During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts, one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.[58][59]

Launch preparations[edit]

First rollout of SLS in March 2022; it was then rolled back in for repairs

On 17 March 2022, Artemis 1 rolled out of High Bay 3 from the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on 3 April, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.[60] A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on 4 April, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.[61]

During preparations for a third attempt, a helium check valve on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fueling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.[62][63] The third attempt to finish the test did not include fueling the upper stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.[64][65]

NASA elected to roll the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS helium check valve while upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis 1 was rolled back to the VAB on 26 April.[66][67][68] After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis 1 vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on 6 June to complete the test.[69]

During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on 20 June, the rocket was fully loaded with propellant on both stages. Still, due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T-9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T-29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.[70]

On 2 July, the Artemis 1 stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: 29 August and 5 September.[71][72] The SLS passed flight readiness review on 23 August, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.[73]

Initial launch attempts[edit]

Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on 29 August 2022 but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13 am EDT. Before the planned launch at 8:33 am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines was observed to be above the maximum allowable temperature limit for launch.[74][75] Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.[74][76][77] NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hour launch window expired.[78] An investigation revealed that a sensor not used to determine launch readiness was faulty, and displayed an erroneously high temperature for Engine 3.[75]

Following the first attempt, a second launch attempt was scheduled for the afternoon of 3 September.[79] The launch window would have opened at 2:17 pm EDT, or 18:17 UTC, and lasted for two hours.[80] The launch was scrubbed at 11:17 am due to a fuel supply line leak in a service arm connecting to the engine section.[81][17] The cause of the leak was uncertain. Mission operators investigated whether an overpressurization of the liquid hydrogen line of the quick-disconnect interface during the launch attempt may have damaged a seal, allowing hydrogen to escape.[82]

Launch operators decided on the date for the next launch attempt; the earliest possible opportunity was 19 September[83][84][8] until mission managers declared that 27 September, and then 30 September, would be the absolute earliest date, NASA having successfully repaired the leak.[85][86] A launch in September would have required that the Eastern Range of the United States Space Force agree to an extension on certification of the rocket's flight termination system, which destroys the rocket should it move off-course and towards a populated area;[82] this was carried out on 22 September.[87] However, unfavorable forecasts of the trajectory of then-Tropical Storm Ian led launch managers to call off the 27 September launch attempt and begin preparations for the stack's rollback to the VAB.[88] On the morning of 26 September, the decision was made to roll back later that evening.[89][90]

On 12 November, following another delay due to Hurricane Nicole, NASA launch managers decided to request launch opportunities for 16 and 19 November. They initially requested an opportunity for the 14th but were prevented by then-Tropical Storm Nicole.[2] As the storm approached, NASA decided to leave the rocket at the launch pad, citing a low probability that wind speeds would exceed the rocket's design limits.[91] Wind speeds were expected to reach 29 mph (47 km/h), with gusts up to 46 mph (74 km/h). Nicole made landfall as a category one hurricane on 9 November, with sustained wind speeds at Kennedy Space Center reaching 85 mph (137 km/h), and gusts up to 100 mph (160 km/h), exceeding the rocket's design specifications. After the storm cleared, NASA inspected the rocket for physical damage and conducted electronic health checks.[92][93][94] On 15 November, the mission management team gave a "go" to begin fully preparing for launch, and the main tanking procedures began at 3:30 pm EST (8:30 pm UTC).[9]

Flight[edit]

Launch[edit]

Launch of Artemis 1

At 1:47:44 am EST (6:47:44 UTC) on November 16, 2022, Artemis 1 successfully launched from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center, the first time in nearly 50 years NASA has launched a rocket intended for human travel to the moon, the last time being Apollo 17.[3] This launch also marks the first time since Ares I-X that a rocket has launched from Launch Complex 39B. The Orion spacecraft and ICPS were both placed into a nominal orbit after separating from the Space Launch System, achieving orbit approximately 8 minutes after launch.[7]

Lunar orbit[edit]

Earth viewed from the Orion spacecraft after TLI
The Moon, as seen from the Orion spacecraft, on the fourth day of the mission

Eighty-nine minutes after liftoff, the ICPS fired for approximately eighteen minutes for a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn. After that, Orion separated from the expended stage and fired its auxiliary thrusters to move safely away as it started its journey to the Moon.[95] The ICPS then deployed 10 CubeSats as secondary payloads from the Orion Stage Adapter.[96] A final burn was completed at three and a half hours after launch to dispose itself into a heliocentric orbit.[97]

On the fifth day of flight, November 20, 2022 at 1:09 p.m. CST, the Orion spacecraft entered the Lunar sphere of influence, thus the Moon's gravitational force became stronger than Earth's relative to the spacecraft.[98]

On November 21, 2022, Orion lost communication with NASA as it passed behind the Moon from 7:25 a.m. EST through 7:59 a.m. Therefore, during an AI-controlled maneuver, the first of a pair of trajectory-altering burns, called "outbound powered flyby burn(s)",[99] to transition Orion to a distant retrograde orbit began at 7:44 a.m. EST. The orbital maneuvering system engine fired for two minutes and thirty seconds. While still autonomous, Orion made its closest lunar approach of approximately 150 km (81 nmi) above the surface at 7:57 a.m.[100][101] The spacecraft will perform the second and final outbound powered flyby burn on November 25.

Payloads[edit]

AstroRad vest on the International Space Station

The Orion spacecraft is carrying three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.[102] The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named after Arturo Campos, a NASA engineer during the Apollo program),[103] occupies the commander's seat inside Orion and is equipped with two radiation sensors in his Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. The commander's seat also has sensors to record acceleration and vibration data during the mission.[104]

Alongside Moonikin are two phantom torsos: Helga and Zohar, who will take part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with the German Aerospace Center and the Israel Space Agency, will measure the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar is shielded with the Astrorad radiation vest and equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga does not wear a vest. The phantoms will measure the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and active dosimeters distributed at sensitive and high stem cell-concentration tissues.[105] The test is to provide data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.[106] In addition to the three mannequins, Orion carries NASA's Snoopy[107] and ESA's Shaun the Sheep.[108]

Besides these functional payloads, Artemis 1 also carries commemorative stickers, patches, seeds, and flags from contractors and space agencies worldwide.[109] A technology demonstration called Callisto, named after the mythical figure associated with Artemis, developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with Amazon and Cisco, is also in flight aboard Orion on Artemis 1. Callisto will use video conferencing software to transmit audio and video from mission control and use the Alexa virtual assistant to respond to the audio messages. In addition, the public can submit messages to be displayed on Callisto during the Artemis 1 mission.[110]

Cubesats[edit]

Orion spacecraft's stage adapter with nine out of ten CubeSats installed

Ten low-cost CubeSat missions fly as secondary payloads.[111] They are in six-unit configurations[112] and reside within the Stage Adapter, above the second stage. Two were selected through NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.[113] These CubeSats are:[111]

Another three CubeSats were originally planned to launch on Artemis 1 but missed the integration deadline, and will have to find alternative flights to the Moon. The stage adapter contains thirteen CubeSat deployers in total.[115]

Media outreach[edit]

Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis 1 mission

The Artemis 1 mission patch was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft and Exploration Ground Systems teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the center, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis 1 will launch. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis 1.[120]

The Artemis 1 flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,[121][122] though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.[123] To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted are written into a hard drive inside the Orion spacecraft.[124][125] Also aboard the capsule is a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.[126]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ An Orion capsule was flown in 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.
  2. ^ The Space Launch System was originally mandated by Congress in the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 to be ready for flight before the end of 2016.[24]

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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